In this paper, originally presented at an event held by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States, the author analyzes the repercussions of globalization on various health aspects: the spread of infectious and parasitic diseases, bioterrorism, and new behavioral patterns in health, among others. He goes on to examine the positive and negative effects of international agreemen...

Recent twin decisions of the European Patent Office's Technical Board of Appeal have shifted its stance on software patents significantly. In this paper, I explore the background to this shift and suggest that the mindset to software patents enshrined in the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS) is already being introduced ahead of formal amendment of the Europ...

The paper draws on an argument from Hanns Ullrich that the Agreement Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) suffers for a legitimacy gap. This gap takes the form external conditioning states’ sovereignty over innovation in markets. paper argues there is less-discussed and somewhat darker TRIPS. relates to US national security state (NSS) its use intellectual prope...

I n recent years, globalization has forced a deeper appreciation of the relationship between intellectual property (IP) law and global health. The threat of an emergent avian bird fl u pandemic led to calls for Roche to relax patent restrictions on oseltamivir, a drug with potential effi cacy against bird infl uenza [1,2]. In the context of the fall 2001 anthrax attacks, the US government faced...

Abstract A significant issue in combatting the Covid-19 pandemic is need to enhance developing states’ access vaccines. The present paper considers request for a temporary waiver of intellectual property rights relation technologies and treatments submitted World Trade Organization analyses key argument against proposed waiver: that compulsory licensing provisions set out TRIPS Agreement are su...

This article analyses intellectual property (IP) disputes in investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) through the lenses of Third World approaches to international law (TWAIL) and how a reformist TWAIL approach might be used address concerns related IP-ISDS disputes. It has three objectives. First, discuss its readings IP. Using framework, illustrates TWAILers’ positions on Agreement Trade-Rela...

Different shades of World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement on trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) are reflected in the Indian pharmaceutical industry, but small and medium-scale pharmaceutical firms are slowly increasing their product innovation, process innovation and research and development (R&D) intensity. Analysis of variance results highlight a significant difference in p...