This paper details a strategy of discriminating finger Gestures using surface electromyography (EMG) signals, which could be applied to controlling the advanced multi-fingered myoelectric prosthesis for hand amputees. Finger motions discrimination is the key problem in this study. The EMG signal classification system was established based on the surface EMG signals from the subject’s forearm. F...

During limb development, the spatio-temporal expression of sonic hedgehog (SHH) is driven by the Zone of polarizing activity Regulatory Sequence (ZRS), located 1 megabase upstream from SHH. Gain-of-function mutations of this enhancer, which cause ectopic expression of SHH, are known to be responsible for congenital limb malformations with variable expressivity, ranging from preaxial polydactyly...

Preaxial polydactyly (PPD) is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and characterized by the presence of one or more supernumerary digits on the thumb side. It had been identified that point mutation or genomic duplications of the long-range limb-specific cis-regulator - zone of polarizing activity regulatory sequence (ZRS) cause PPD or other limb deformities such as syndactyly type IV (SD...

Phosphodiester linkages, including those that join the nucleotides of DNA, are highly resistant to spontaneous hydrolysis. The rate of water attack at the phosphorus atom of phosphodiesters is known only as an upper limit, based on the hydrolysis of the dimethyl phosphate anion. That reaction was found to proceed at least 99% by C-O cleavage, at a rate suggesting an upper limit of 10(-15) s(-1)...

Tributyltin and triphenyltin (TBT and TPT) are biocides that have been used to prevent fouling of boats, to preserve wood, kill molluscs, and for other purposes. Due to observed effects on oysters and snails, their use in boat paints has been banned in many nations. However, use on ships and some uses other than as antifouling paints continue. These uses, the relative persistence of these compo...

McCallum’s answers his question by saying that raising this target is a “sophisticated but predominantly bad idea” and the paper gives eight reasons for this conclusion. The first is that inflation is a particularly distortionary tax. The second is that, with sticky prices, inflation can lead to inefficient changes in relative prices. The third is that, based on the analysis of Schmitt-Grohé an...

BACKGROUND Although grip and pinch strength provide a more global measure of a large number of digits and muscles, measuring strength of individual fingers or the thumb can provide additional and more detailed information regarding hand strength. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We developed growth diagrams for individual finger strength in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS We measured thumb palmar abductio...

As a result of its rapid development within the last years an increasing commercial interest on micro process engineering is given. Process intensification effects of this novel technology were clearly demonstrated. In this context, a generic cost view needs to be developed. As a first investigation, two generic cost analyses investigate here the profitability for two edge cases. One refers to ...