The traditional four-step model has been widely used in travel demand forecasting by considering trip generation, trip distribution, modal split and traffic assignment sequentially in a fixed order. However, this sequential approach suffers from the inconsistency among the level-of-service and flow values in each step of the procedure. In the last two decades, this problem has been addressed by...

A combination of neural networks and genetic algorithms has been used to design a TRIP assisted steel in which the silicon concentration is kept low. In this context, the steel has a novel microstructure consisting of d ferrite dendrites and a residual phase which at high temperatures is austenite. This austenite can, with appropriate heat treatment, evolve into a mixture of bainitic ferrite an...

One of the key issues for implementing congestion pricing is the pricing granularity (i.e. pricing interval or timescale). The Internet traffic is highly variant and hard to control without a mechanism that operates on very low time-scales, i.e. on the order of round-trip-times (RTTs). However, pricing naturally operates on very large timescales because of human involvement. Moreover, structure...

The effect of Polarisation Mode Dispersion (PMD) on the LO reference signal phase stability and power level has been an ongoing concern, but to date no definitive study of the effect has been made. The logical argument has been made that the effect should be negligible based upon a) the presence of a round-trip phase correction, b) an LO reference that uses only 1.2 nm of optical bandwidth and ...