Introduction A better understanding of the pathophysiological processes occurring in “retinal aging” and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has been achieved in recent years, leading to the emergence of new treatments and consequent long-term improvements in the patients quality of life. AMD is one of the leading causes of severe, irreversible vision impairment in developed countries, in in...

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in American, with over half a million deaths from cancer reported in 2009. Cancer chemotherapy treatments were developed in the nineteen hundreds and remain the backbone of current treatments; however, they have some limitations. New immunotherapy cancer treatments, where biologic agents are given to patients to influence the body’s natural immune res...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is now considered a markedly complex and heterogeneous disease [1]. In the latest update of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD 2017) [2], the definition of COPD has been revised to emphasise the heterogeneity of this disease. The phrase “airway and/or alveolar abnormalities” replaces “an enhanced chronic inflammation” in...

Neuropathic pain remains one of the most challenging of all neurological diseases and presents a large unmet need for improved therapies. Many mechanistic details are still lacking, but greater knowledge of overlapping mechanisms and disease comorbidities has highlighted key areas for intervention. These include peripheral and central hyperexcitability. Among the molecular drivers are ion chann...

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common, yet underdetected and under-reported, health problem that can significantly affect quality of life. UI may also have serious medical and economic ramifications for untreated or undertreated patients, including perineal dermatitis, worsening of pressure ulcers, urinary tract infections, and falls. To prevent incontinence, the urethral sphincter must maintai...

BACKGROUND Cardiotoxic and other side effects limit the usefulness of treatments for cancer. METHOD This article is based on pertinent articles that were retrieved by a selective search in PubMed and other databases, and on the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology, the Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany, and the European Society of Medical Oncology. RESULTS P...

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recent years have seen a large increase in the prescription of antidepressants in the UK. this is a field in which both research and clinical practice are developing rapidly. a new generation of ‘designer drugs’ has largely replaced the tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, on grounds of safety and tolerability rather than improved efficacy. drugs have been developed on th...

Recent innovations in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) research have identified new treatments with significant potential, as well as novel enhancements to empirically-validated treatments. This paper reviews emerging psychotherapeutic and pharmacologic interventions for the treatment of PTSD. It examines the evidence for a range of interventions, from social and family-based treatments to ...