In an attempt to better understand the current transportation situation in Santiago de Chile, this paper provides a framework within which persona1 expenditures, environmental consequences and social effects can be measured by a common metric, costs. The analysis includes all modes of transport, but has a specific focus on passenger transport modes. The paper presents the cost categories consid...

Using a Hotelling-type product differentiation model (linear city model), we investigate the location strategies of upstream and downstream firms. We show that when transport costs of upstream firms are large, higher transport costs decrease the level of product differentiation of downstream firms. We also show that more inefficient transport technologies of upstream firms may enhance welfare. ...

this study focused on the public transport risk assessment in district one of ​​tehran through fault tree analysis involving the three criteria of human, vehicle and road in haddon matrix. in fact, it examined the factors contributing to the occurrence of road accidents at several urban black spots within district 1. relying on road safety checklists and survey of experts, this study made an ef...

The current level of motorised transportation worldwide is increasingly a social, environmental and economic problem. Transport benefits come alongside injuries and death, unproductive travel time, energy dependence, and environmental damage. One reason for the increasing problem results from externalising various impacts on society. Many of these external – or ‘unpaid’ costs have only graduall...

[1] Many regions of the world are facing formidable freshwater scarcity. Although there is substantial scope for economizing on the consumption of water without affecting its service level, the main response to water scarcity has been to increase the supply. To a large extent, this is done by transporting water from places where it is abundant to places where it is scarce. At a smaller scale an...

Widely ranging marine predators often adopt stereotyped, energy-saving behaviours to minimize the energetic cost of transport while maximizing energy gain. Environmental and anthropogenic disturbances can disrupt energy balance by prompting avoidance behaviours that increase transport costs, thereby decreasing foraging efficiency. We examined the ability of 12 free-ranging, juvenile northern el...

Household chauffeuring (also called escort, serve passenger and caregiving travel) refers to personal motor vehicle travel specifically made to transport independent non-drivers (people who could travel on their own if they had suitable travel options). This additional vehicle travel imposes various direct and indirect costs. This paper identifies factors that affect the amount of chauffeuring ...

There is a strong imbalance in EU transport mode share. In addition issues like road congestion, noise, accident rate and especially pollutant emissions result not only in external costs to society but also in high logistical costs to customers of transport services. The present paper proposes an assessment model to evaluate final internal and external costs of transport chains served by road a...