Mucosal surfaces, such as the lung and intestine, are lined by a monolayer of epithelia that provides tissue barrier and transport function. It is recently appreciated that a common feature of inflammatory processes within the mucosa is hypoxia (so-called inflammatory hypoxia). Given the strong association between bacterial translocation and mucosal inflammatory disease, we hypothesized that in...

During protein synthesis, tRNA and mRNA are translocated from the A to P to E sites of the ribosome thus enabling the ribosome to translate one codon of mRNA after the other. Ribosome translocation along mRNA is induced by the universally conserved ribosome GTPase, elongation factor G (EF-G) in bacteria and elongation factor 2 (EF-2) in eukaryotes. Recent structural and single-molecule studies ...

We have previously shown that fully synthesized prepro-ct-factor (ppaF), the precursor for the yeast pheromone a-factor, can be transiocated posttranslationally across yeast rough microsomai (RM) membranes from a soluble, ribosome-free pool. We show here that this is not the case for translocation of ppctF across mammalian RM. Rather we found that a small amount of translocation of full-length ...

The translocation step of protein elongation entails a large-scale rearrangement of the tRNA-mRNA-ribosome complex. Recent years have seen major advances in unraveling the mechanism of the process on the molecular level. A number of intermediate states have been defined and, in part, characterized structurally. The article reviews the recent evidence that suggests a dynamic role of the ribosome...

We have previously shown that fully synthesized prepro-alpha-factor (pp alpha F), the precursor for the yeast pheromone alpha-factor, can be translocated posttranslationally across yeast rough microsomal (RM) membranes from a soluble, ribosome-free pool. We show here that this is not the case for translocation of pp alpha F across mammalian RM. Rather we found that a small amount of translocati...

hydroponic experiments were performed to exam the dynamic change of endogenous proline in rice seedlings exposed to potassium chromate chromium (vi) or chromium nitrate chromium (iii). although accumulation of both chromium species in rice seedlings was obvious, more chromium was detected in plant tissues of rice seedlings exposed to chromium (iii) than those in chromium (vi), majority being in...

Activation of the novel PKC Apl II in sensory neurons by serotonin (5HT) underlies the ability of 5HT to reverse synaptic depression, but the pathway from 5HT to PKC Apl II activation remains unclear. Here we find no evidence for the Aplysia-specific B receptors, or for adenylate cyclase activation, to translocate fluorescently-tagged PKC Apl II. Using an anti-PKC Apl II antibody, we monitor tr...

The translocation of a polymer chain through a crowded cylindrical channel is studied using the Langevin dynamics simulations. The influences of the field strength F, the chain length N, and the crowding extent ρ on the translocation time are evaluated, respectively. Scaling relation τ ~ F-α is observed. With the crowding extent ρ increasing, the scaling exponent α becomes large. It is found th...