This paper reviews the World Trade Organization (WTO) Panel Report “Russia-Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit” of April 2019. It constitutes first attempt to disentangle legal and political aspects related invoked essential security interests from economic considerations underlying measures imposed on transit through Russia goods exported Ukraine Republic Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan. One one hand...

1. Classification of Transit Systems 2. Bus Transit System 3. Trolleybus System 4. Rail Transit Systems 5. Tramway/Streetcar and Light Rail Transit LRT 6. Rapid Transit or Metro 7. Automated Guided Transit Systems 8. Regional and Commuter Rail 9. Special Technology Transit Systems 10. Transit Line Scheduling 11. Transit Planning and Selection of Transit Modes 12. Present and Future Role of Urba...

Introduction: In this study, the effects of black tea extract of Iranian tea plant (Camellia sinensis var sinensis) and its polyphenolic pigment thearubigins were investigated on mice intestinal transit time. Method: Thearubigins were isolated by liquid-liquid fraction method. The effects of black tea extract and isolated thearubigins on intestinal propulsion were measured by charcoal propulsio...

Morphine was used as a remedy for the control of diarrhea centuries before it's sedative-analgesic effect was discovered. Although several mechanisms have been proposed for the morphine-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit (OIT), the exact mechanism has not yet been identified. On this basis the possible involvement of the dopaminergic system in morphine-induced inhibition of tra...

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Ukraine constantly continues to move towards the consolidation of economic processes with European Union, and issue rapid integration as a whole is extremely relevant. Currently, number simplified procedures have been introduced EU countries: «economic visa-free travel», transport energy «visa-free travel» (all this contributes abolition tariffs quotas simplify documentation, save money, avoid ...

In recent years, several models and algorithms have been put forward for the design of metro networks (see e.g. [1], [7], [2], and [6]). Here we extend the rapid transit network design problem (RTNDP) of [4] by introducing modal competition and by enriching its multi-objective framework. In that reference an origin-destination flow is considered as captured by rapid transit if some stations are...

Public transit plays a key role in shaping the transportation structure of large and fast growing cities. To cope with high population and employment density, such cities usually resort to multi-modal transit services, such as rail, BRT and bus. These modes are strategically connected to form an effective transit network. Among the transit modes, bus stops need to be properly deployed to mainta...

An annual investment of $92 billion for highways and bridges, between 2004 and 2009, is necessary to maintain the physical condition and performance characteristics of the system. An annual investment of $125.6 billion for highways and bridges is necessary to improve the physical condition and performance characteristics of the system over 20 years. An annual capital investment of $19 billion i...

The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) is an intermodal agency tasked with the mobility of the state's citizens, businesses and visitors. Freight and public transit are essential components of Michigan's transportation system. To further MDOT's goal of leveraging technology to maximize safety, mobility, environmental performance, and asset management through mode-specific research pro...