Motor responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation OMS) or transcranial electrical stimulation (TCS) can be facilitated by a prior conditioning stimulus to an afferent nerve. Two facilitation periods are described short (SI), when the nerve stimulus is given near 0 to 10 ms after cranial stimulation, and long (LI), when nerve stimulation is given 25-60 ms before the cranial stimula...

Background: Recently, ultrasonic neuromodulation research has been an important and interesting issue. Ultrasonic neuromodulation is possible by the use of low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) to stimulate or inhibit the neural structures. The primary capability of this method is the improvement in the treatment progress of certain neurological and psychiatric disorders noninvas...