The evolution of ecological trade-offs is an important component of ecological specialization and adaptive radiation. However, the pattern that would show that evolutionary trade-offs have occurred between traits among species has not been clearly defined. In this paper, we propose a phylogeny-based definition of an evolutionary trade-off, and apply it to an analysis of the evolution of trade-o...

Already, the formation of the WTO did not halt the proliferation of new RTAs. There has been an enormous increase in Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) in the last twenty years. In fact, RTAs legitimacy is well recognised under GATT/WTO. By their very nature, such arrangements favour imports from members of the grouping and discriminate against imports from other countries. This departure fro...

Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on services have proliferated since 2000. This working paper briefly presents the expansion of the dataset initially developed in Marchetti and Roy (2008). The data permits to assess the extent to which market access commitments undertaken by WTO Members in PTAs go beyond GATS commitments and offers made in the context of the Doha Development Agenda. The dat...

This study is an empirical attempt to find out whether under sanctions Iran’s trade direction has shifted away from Europe (trade policy of de-Europeanization) towards Asia (trade policy of Asianization). The analysis is conducted using a panel-gravity trade model to analyze bilateral trade pattern between Iran and 50 countries from the EU and Asia during the period 2006–2013. To this end, the ...

this study investigated the export status of stone fruits in iran during 1997 to 2010.export trends and revealed comparative advantage of indices, namely, revealedcomparative advantage (rca), revealed symmetric comparative advantage (rsca),and relative export advantage (rxa) as well as trade mapping (tm) were investigatedfor cherries, plums, peaches, and apricots. target markets for these produ...

I 1 . The debtor groups and the movement of debt ratios . . . . . . . 159 A . The debtor groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 B . Recent trade developments for the debtor groups . . . . . . 160 C . The evolution of debt ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Ill . Developing country-OECD linkages and the debt model . . . . . . 166 A . The debt model . . . . . . . . . . ....

Among non-oil exports and in trade arena, drug has always been strategic importance and most government especially industrialized countries pay special attention to its production and trade issues. Thus, having a comprehensive view from economic perspective to this section is essential for suggesting intervention. This was a descriptive-analytical and panel study. In this study, gravity model i...

This paper studies externalities of nationally determined cost-sharing systems, in particular coinsurance rates (patients pay a percentage of the price), under pharmaceutical parallel trade, i.e. trade outside the manufacturer’s authorized distribution channel, in a two-country model with a vertical distributor relationship. Parallel trade generates a price-decreasing competition e¤ect in the d...