Accumulating evidence indicates that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a critical role in promoting adaptive immune responses and are definitively involved in the expansion and maintenance of the neuropathic pain. However, the application of docking in virtual-screening in silico methods to drug discovery has some challenge but it allows us to make the directed and meaningful design of drugs fo...

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important pathogen recognition receptor that recognizes mainly lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria, but also structures from fungal and mycobacterial pathogens, as well as endogenous ligands. Two nonsynonymous polymorphisms of TLR4, Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile, have been suggested to alter the function of the receptor. Some, but not all, studies have...

results the tlr3 protein in the ach group tended toward reduction although the p value of the comparison between the ach group and hd group was not statistically significant. the tlr3 levels in the hcc, ac, and cir groups were higher than those in the hd and ach groups. tlr3 was not interrelated with all costimulation proteins in the dcs and t cells in all five groups. no group presented any in...

This scientific commentary refers to ‘Reactive microglia enhance the transmission of exosomal α-synuclein via toll-like receptor 2’ by Xia et al. (doi:10.1093/brain/awab122).

objective(s): high mobility group box1 (hmgb1) is a nonhistone, dna-binding protein that serves a crucial role in regulating gene transcription and is involved in a variety of proinflammatory, extracellular activities. the aim of this study was to explore whether hmgb1 stimulation can up-regulate the expression of toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) and toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) on macrophages from p...

BACKGROUND Mechanical ventilation induces diaphragm muscle atrophy, which plays a key role in difficult weaning from mechanical ventilation. The signaling pathways involved in ventilator-induced diaphragm atrophy are poorly understood. The current study investigated the role of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in the development of ventilator-induced diaphragm atrophy. METHODS Unventilated anim...