Abstract Improved vaccine adjuvants are needed to address infectious diseases, cancer, and future pandemics. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been researched as targets of because they modulate the innate immune system activate adaptive immunity. TLR-based induce cross-presentation exogenous antigens CD8 T lymphocytes. TLR4 signaling recruits adapters myeloid differentiation marker 88 (MyD88), w...

background one-third of the world’s population is infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. investigation of toll-like receptors (tlrs) has revealed new information regarding the immunopathogenesis of this disease. toll-like receptors can recognize various ligands with a lipoprotein structure in the bacilli. toll-like receptor 2 and tlr-4 have been identified in association with tuberculosis in...

The development of vaccines that can enhance immunity to viral pathogens is an important goal. However, the innate molecular pathways that regulate the strength and quality of the immune response remain largely uncharacterized. To define the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in control of a model retroviral pathogen, Friend virus (FV), I generated mice in which the TLR signaling adapte...

Abstract Background Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive and lethal lung disease of elderly whose incidence has been increasing following the Covid-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). PF immunopathogenesis involves alveolar epithelial cell damage, release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), extracellular matrix (ECM) injury. We asse...

To date, much of our knowledge about the signaling networks involved in the innate immune response has come from studies using nonphysiologic model systems rather than actual immune cells. In this study, we used a dual-tagging proteomic strategy to identify the components of the MyD88 signalosome in murine macrophages stimulated with lipid A. This systems approach revealed 16 potential MyD88-in...

BACKGROUND During pregnancy, the placenta may become exposed to micro-organisms, such as viruses, which may pose a substantial threat to the embryo/fetus well-being. Recent insight into the immunological capabilities of the trophoblast suggests that the placenta may function as an active barrier by recognizing and responding to pathogens through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). METHODS The objecti...

Toll like receptors (TLR) čine familiju transmembranskih signalnih proteina koji delujući kao senzori za produkte mikroorganizama započinju antimikrobni imunski odgovor. Do danas, kod sisara je poznato 12 TLR gena koji kodiraju isto toliko membranskih glikoproteina sa ekstracelularnim delom bogatim leucinom i intercitoplazmatskim delom sa homologijom (TIR). Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domen sadrži...

Dendritic cells (DC) produce interleukin-12 (IL-12) in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Two major TLR signaling pathways participate in the response to pathogens: the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-dependent pathway leading to inflammatory cytokine secretion including IL-12 and the interferon (IFN)-dependent pathway inducing type I IFN and IFN-regulated genes. Here we show th...

The interactions between TLRs and their ligands have profound immune modulation properties. Attention has focused mostly on the impact of TLR ligands on peripheral innate and adaptive immunity during viral infections, whereas little impact of TLR activation has been shown on thymic development. Here we show that treatment of murine fetal thymic organ cultures (FTOCs) with TLR3 or TLR7 ligands i...