TLR sense microbial infections, and control activation of immune responses. Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes express TLR and the TLR-signaling adaptor protein MyD88. The impact of TLR-activated B cells on T cell-mediated inflammation is unknown. In this study, we have used mice carrying B cell-restricted deficiencies in MyD88 or in distinct TLR to examine the impact of TLR-activa...

To report outcomes following endovascular revascularisation for severe aorto-iliac occlusive disease (AIOD) using covered (CS) or bare metal (BMS) stent(s). This was a retrospective cohort study including patients who underwent treatment with CS BMS AIOD between November 2012 and March 2020 in 12 European centres. Outcome measures included death, freedom from target lesion (TLR), major amputati...

Abstract Background Multiple stenting in the chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions is frequently required, however associated with poorer clinical outcomes. It demonstrated that intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided CTO-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) related to a lower risk of adverse events. Purpose We aimed evaluate impact stent optimization under IVUS guidance for multiple stentin...

Chicken spleen Transfer Factor (TF) is a low-molecular-weight lymphocyte extract composed of polypeptide and nucleotide. However, its role in regulating intestinal structure function laying hens has remained largely unknown. 100 one-day-old were randomly divided into five groups administered with different doses TF (0.00 [control], 0.05mL, 0.10mL, 0.25mL 1.00mL). The results showed that the hig...

OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect microbial infections and they can directly induce innate host defense responses. TLR 2 has been shown to be primarily involved in the recognition of peptidoglycans and lipoteichoic acid of gram positive bacteria. TLR 4 recognizes lipopolysaccharides and lipoteichoic acids from both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Both mutations lead a reduc...

Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by dysregulated activation of T and B cells and autoantibodies to nuclear antigens and, in some cases, lipid antigens. Liposomes with nonbilayer phospholipid arrangements induce a disease resembling human lupus in mice, including IgM and IgG antibodies against nonbilayer phospholipid arrangements. As the effect of these liposomes on the innate immun...

TLRs are a major group of pattern recognition receptors that are crucial in initiating innate immune responses and are capable of recognizing Plasmodium ligands. We have investigated TLR responses during acute experimental P. falciparum (P.f.) infection in 15 malaria-naive volunteers. TLR-4 responses in whole blood ex vivo stimulations were characterized by significantly (p < 0.01) up-regulated...

In organisms from insects to vertebrates, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are primary pathogen detectors that activate downstream pathways, specifically those that direct expression of innate immune effector genes. TLRs also have roles in development in many species. The sea anemone Nematostella vectensis is a useful cnidarian model to study the origins of TLR signaling because its genome encodes a ...

Toll-like receptor (TLR) proteins have been shown to play a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune responses in higher vertebrates. TLR proteins enable the host to recognize a large number of pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides, viral RNA, CpG-containing DNA, and flagellin, among others. Engagement of TLR proteins leads to the upregulation of co...

Bacterial translocation is associated with clinically relevant complications in cirrhosis. We evaluated the effect of toll-like receptor polymorphisms in the soluble response against these episodes. Consecutive patients with cirrhosis and ascitic fluid were distributed by TLR2 rs4696480, TLR4 rs4986790, and TLR9 rs187084 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Lipoteichoic acid, lipopolyssaccharide, b...