Websites are increasingly presenting content and services that are not created and managed by the publisher’s website administrators themselves, but are provided by other third-parties. While third-party content and services provide value and utility to the site visitors, this comes at the cost of visitor information being shared with the third-parties. Thus, information is shared not just with...

This research examines 3rd parties' reactions to the abusive supervision of a coworker. Reactions were theorized to depend on 3rd parties' beliefs about the targeted coworker and, specifically, whether the target of abuse was considered deserving of mistreatment. We predicted that 3rd parties would experience anger when targets of abuse were considered undeserving of mistreatment; angered 3rd p...

Enforcement of social norms by impartial bystanders in the human species reveals a possibly unique capacity to sense and to enforce norms from a third party perspective. Such behavior, however, cannot be accounted by current computational models based on an egocentric notion of norms. Here, using a combination of model-based fMRI and third party punishment games, we show that brain regions prev...

In addition to the third parties’ presence during incidents of violence, they often serve as witnesses to criminal events. They may call the police, provide information that helps to solve crimes, clarify the characteristics of the incident, or bear some responsibility for the commencement or escalation Third parties were present during two-thirds of all violent victimizations between 1993 and ...

nowadays, in order to apportion the risk and to avoid the vessels' delay, most of the voyage charters include provisions, either explicit or tacit, which binding the charterers to carry out loading and discharging operation in a designated time limit (laytime), urge them,in case of delay,to pay the owners an agreed amount (ie. demurrage).though, liability for demurrage rests with the chart...

The tremendous costs of conflict have made humans resourceful not only at warfare but also at peacemaking. Although third parties have acted as peacemakers since the dawn of history, little is known about voluntary, informal third-party intervention in conflict. Here we introduce the Peacemaker Game, a novel experimental paradigm, to model and study the interdependence between disputants and th...