The fourth book of Euclid’s Elements, a 2,300-year-old geometry text, includes directions for constructing a 15-sided polygon inside a circle. The first step is familiar to geometry students: Draw an equilateral triangle and a regular pentagon so their vertices touch the circle and the two shapes share one vertex. In addition to text directions, the Elements included diagrams that illustrated t...

the emergence of rationalist and traditionist approaches among moslems was the result of attention to different verses of the holy quran, some denoting reasoning and some denoting devotion. these different approaches to quran led to the formation of mo'tazele and asha'arites schools among the sunnites and osuliyyun (rationalists) and traditionists among the shiites. this difference wa...

Khoy, one of the major cities in the west Azarbaijan province is known for its nature, military, border positions, proximity to the Silk Road, including many different cultures and overall is one of the important settlements in the area. This essay investigates Khoy city’s expansion, from early Islam until late Qajar (Fourth - Fourteenth century) according to historical documents. This article ...

The present study examines social history of the Graeco-Arabic translation movement from perspective Christian communities that participated in it. Special attention is given to Melkite and Nestorian translators active ʿAbbāsid Baghdad – late eighth-century translator al-Biṭrīq famous ninth-century Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq complex interactions between Melkites Nestorians, which involved both competitio...

Abstract This article uses the evidence of vocabulary to explore connections between two most substantial bodies Latin literature survive from late ninth-century and early tenth-century Britain, namely Asser’s famed Life King Alfred corpus Anglo-Saxon charters. By doing so, several hitherto unidentified are made that offer important new in regards. First, they add significant weight view is an ...

This paper explores the origins of the Nataraja cult in the state of Tamil Nadu in southern India. The trajectory of the dancing Shiva is traced: from the processional worship of metal icons outside the sanctum to the cultic elevation of the Nataraja bronze into the sanctum at Chidambaram. Archaeometallurgical, iconographic and literary evidence discussed shows that the Nataraja bronze, depicti...