In recent years mobile networks have expanded dramatically, compared with other wireless networks. Routing protocols in these networks are designed with the assumption that there is no attacker node, so routing protocols are vulnerable to various attacks in these networks. In this paper, we review the network layer attacks and then we simulate the impact of black hole attack on ad hoc on demand...

We had always heard astonished about the recurrent practices that occurred in other countries terms of extortion activities to small businesses suburban neighborhoods and commercial areas supported one way or another criminal organizations finance all their logistics material necessary for more complex they carried out, since year 2021 it is increasingly hear Ecuador these are gaining ground es...

Despite the best intentions, educational technology developers often fail to carry out evaluations of their programs while they are under development. This paper reports on a formative evaluation of students’ learning processes while completing an interactive multimedia program called Legal Interviewing Skills. The evaluation found that students used a number of learning strategies which were n...

In this chapter we look at the working conditions and remuneration of migrants versus incumbent urban residents in China in the 2008 wave of the RUMiCI project. We find that the average hourly compensation for an urban worker is more than double that of migrants. Inequality of non-wage compensation is higher than that of hourly wages, mainly because urban workers are much more likely to benefit...