the proposed method, the profit maximization problem is transformed into a minimization problem that can be solved by a traditional hydro-thermal unit commitment program after implementing a few modifications. The paper describes t he modifications introduced in a unit commitment program based on the Lagrangian relaxation approach and on a disaggregated Bundle method for the solution of the dua...

In this paper, the Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm is proposed to solve the Profit Based Unit Commitment problem under deregulated environment with emission limitation. The bi-objective function optimization problem is formulated as a maximization of the Generation Companies profit and a minimization of the emission output of the thermal units, while all of the constrains should be satisfied. T...

Background: The thermal conductivity of fluids can be calculated by several computational methods. However, these methods are reliable only at the confined levels of density, and there is no specific computational method for calculating thermal conductivity in the wide ranges of density. Methods: In this paper, two methods, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach and a computational method ...

fluids for various industrial applications because of their excellent thermal performance. This study analytically and experimentally examines the effects of nanoparticle dispersion on the entropy generation of EG–Al2O3 ...

This paper describes a one-dimensional numerical model for natural gas production from the dissociation of methane hydrate in hydrate-capped gas reservoir under depressurization and thermal stimulation. Some of the hydrate reservoirs discovered are overlying a free-gas layer, known as hydrate-capped gas reservoirs. These reservoirs are thought to be easiest and probably the first type of hydrat...

8 Definitions 9 Heat flow. The rate of thermal energy transfer in a medium 10 driven either conductively along a thermal gradient or 11 advectively via mass transport. The standard unit is 12 watts, W. The term is also used to describe a subdiscipline 13 of geophysics, as in the title of this entry. 14 Conductive heat flux. The heat flow per unit area diffusing 15 by conduction along a thermal ...