In contrast to the classical concept of a Carnot engine that alternates contact between heat baths different temperatures, naturally occurring processes usually harvest energy from anisotropy, being exposed simultaneously chemical and thermal fluctuations intensities. these cases, enabling mechanism responsible for transduction is typically presence non-equilibrium steady state (NESS). A suitab...

A systematic set of stress-temperature measurements using the laser-scanning wafer curvature technique is performed to examine the effect of passivation thickness and passivation material on stress evolution and yield properties of passivated Al films during thermal cycling for twenty cycles. A modification of Stoney's equation for multiple films on a substrate is utilized to separate the indiv...