The plasmid pC5, which encodes biogenesis of lycopene in Mycobacterium aurum A(+), was partially digested by restriction endonucleases and generated fragments were cloned. After transformation of Escherichia coli (colorless bacteria) with the plasmids so constructed, seven orange clones were detected and found to carry the same recombinant plasmid (pC51). E. coli cells containing this plasmid s...

Self-assembly of small molecules or macromolecules through non-covalent or covalent bonds to build up supramolecular nanostructures is a prevalent and important process in nature. While most chemists use small molecules to assemble nanostructures with physical or chemical perturbations, nature adopts enzymes to catalyze the reaction to assemble biological, functional nanostructures with high ef...

conclusions it was concluded that the efficacy of tramadol and fluoxetine in males with premature ejaculation are the same and both are effective. both of these drugs are safe to treat premature ejaculation. results thirty-six subjects with the mean age of 44 ± 19.3 years underwent analysis. eighteen subjects were treated by fluoxetine and 18 by tramadol. the efficacy of treatment in the two gr...

glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration have been shown as pathophysiological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (ms) and other autoimmune inflammatory cns disorders. n‑methyl‑d‑aspartate (nmda) receptors play a pivotal role in the mediation of neuronal glutamate excitotoxicity leading to cellular damage and apoptotic cell death. current treatment approaches targeting glutamate exc...

goldfish carassius auratus were subjected to either formalin (250 ppm) or nacl (10 ppt), over a 0.5-h period followed by 24-h freshwater exposure. serum biochemistry was monitored before exposure (0), immediately after (0.5) plus 3 and 24 h after exposure. results showed that both formalin and nacl treatments caused rapid increase in cortisol with a peak at 3 h, which did not recover until 24 h...

The B-cell receptor signaling pathway has emerged as an important therapeutic target in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other B-cell malignancies. Novel agents have been developed targeting the signaling enzymes spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), Bruton's tyrosine kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta. This review discusses the rationale for targeting these enzymes, as well as the preclinical...

Carbonic anhydrases catalyze the interconversion between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. anhydrase inhibition has therapeutic importance there are many drugs which use this mechanism. inhibitors used as diuretic, antiglaucoma, antitumor antiepileptic agents. As an alternative for synthetic chemicals with strong side effects, natural products have gained popularity in recent years. In study, Sat...

Hesperetin (Hst) is a well-known bioflavonoid, has low bioavailability. Hesperetin nanoparticles (Nano-Hst) enhance its bioavailability. Nano-Hst were not explored for their potential therapeutic activities in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Hence, the present study was performed to evaluate the protective effect of Nano-Hst in comparison to free Hesperetin on against intracerebroventricular in...

Enzymes as drugs have two important features that distinguish them from all other types of drugs. First, enzymes often bind and act on their targets with great affinity and specificity. Second, enzymes are catalytic and convert multiple target molecules to the desired products. These two features make enzymes specific and potent drugs that can accomplish therapeutic biochemistry in the body tha...

acceptance and commitment therapy (act) is a new development within behavioral therapy. its goal is to promote psychological flexibility. numerous studies show that suffering results when people attempt to avoid their inner experiences (experiential avoidance). this experiential avoidance often leads to rigid and inflexible behavior that also leads them to compromise their goals and what is imp...