We investigate the impact of a non-financial background risk ε̃ on the preference rankings between two independent financial risks z̃1 and z̃2 for an expected-utility maximizer. More precisely, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the alternative (x0 + z̃1, y0 + ε̃) to be preferred to (x0 + z̃2, y0 + ε̃) whenever (x0 + z̃1, y0) is preferred to (x0 + z̃2, y0). Utility functions that preserv...

Background: English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses should empower students to satisfy their language needs. However, at many Iranian universities, these courses are mostly taught based on the Grammar Translation Method focusing on teaching grammatical rules and reading comprehension. The present study aims at proposing an innovative approach for teaching English to Medical students that ca...

Background: Colonoscopy is the preferred procedure for diagnosis of large-bowel diseases in dogs. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is the most commonly used laxative for colonic cleansing. Senna has been used in traditional medicine as a laxative and an aid to treat constipation. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of senna as an alternative or adjunct to polyethylene glycol s...

Females often prefer to mate with males with certain traits. Preferred males might cooperate with females to reduce the direct costs of reproduction. However, unpreferred males use alternative tactics that attempt to alter female choice in their favour, such as coercion. When this occurs, females have to choose whether to pay the costs of coercion and mate with preferred males or avoid the cost...

Concentration among physician groups has been steadily increasing, which may affect prices for physician services. We assessed the relationship in 2010 between physician competition and prices paid by private preferred provider organizations for fifteen common, high-cost procedures to understand whether higher concentration of physician practices and accompanying increased market power were ass...

according to the prevailing view in the islamic jurisprudence since breastfeeding is not mother's duty, she is entitled to demand wage from her husband for breastfeeding her child. in this article, the authors intend to prove, through reviewing the evidences of this view and the alternative one, that there is a meaningful relationship between the following phrases: “if they breastfeed for you, ...