Introduction: Socioeconomic status (SES) indicators are among the main social determinants of health and illness. Less, however, is known about the role of SES in the epidemiology of polypharmacy in immigrant Latino Americans living in the United States. This research studied the association between three SES indicators, education, income, and employment, and polypharmacy in ol...

Introduction: Educational attainment and poverty status are two strong socioeconomic status (SES) indicators that protect individuals against exposure to second-hand smoke. Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs), however, refer to smaller protective effects of SES indicators among ethnic minority groups such as Hispanics and Blacks, compared to non-Hispanic Whites. This...

The foreign policy of states determines the way they behave in the international arena. Accurate analysis of official foreign policy documents of a country is helpful in that it shows what the international priorities of a country are at specific periods. This article reviews the U.S. National Security Strategy documents published in 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2015 from the perspective of the percept...

background combined procedures involving elective breast surgery at the time of abdominoplasty are frequently performed procedures in aesthetic plastic surgery. while found to be safe outpatient procedures, many surgeons elect to perform combined abdominoplasty/breast surgery as inpatient surgery. this study was performed to explore the practice of performing the combined procedure as an inpati...

Introduction: Although education is among the major socioeconomic status (SES) resources that influence populations’ and individuals’ health, social marginalization may reduce the health gain that follows access to SES indicators such as education, a pattern called marginalization-related diminished return (MDR). The literature on MDRs, however, has been mainly derived from stu...

Introduction: This study aims to comparatively review the rehabilitation information systems in 8 countries: Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Australia, Malaysia, Russia, and Iran. Methods: A comprehensive review of published studies without a time limit was explored by searching the keywords, titles, and abstracts. Studies were obtained from the Web of Science, Scopus, P...

state immunity is considered to be one of the most important issues in contemporary international law. over time, this concept gas been changed due to the evolution of international law and during recent decades, the focus of academic forums and national and international courts has been attached to it. in the meantime, several states including i.r.iran and u.s.a have approved state immunity la...

Introduction: Nosocomial infection (NI) is an infection occurring in a patient after 48 hours of hospitalization or up to 72 hours after discharge from the hospital, which was not present or incubating at the time of admission.  Hospital accreditation standards have a significant impact on the prevention and control of NI. Nevertheless, Iran’s hospital accreditation standards face challenges. T...