In 1935, when medical societies across the United States were complaining that the Milbank Memorial Fund endorsed health insurance mandated and subsidized by government, Albert G. Milbank, president of its board, accorded priority to protecting the Fund’s “reputation and its personality” (Kingsbury 1935a). This article, on the occasion of the Fund’s centennial, describes how its personality, ex...

Retirement is a major regime in the social insurance policy andincludes both compulsory and voluntary security system Vietnam many other countries. Practice shows that fact core important pillar national system, contributing to improving life of laborers upon their end working age lightening burden on welfare society. After 60 years implementation, retirement has gradually improved towards bene...

January 2011 Abstract Large populations in the developing world lack adequate access to products, such as essential medicines, whose use confers positive externalities. Because of the critical role played by the privatesector distribution channel, donors (e.g., the Global Fund) are beginning to devote substantial resources to fund subsidies that encourage the channel to improve the availability...

The sensitivity of the optimal control of carbon dioxide emissions to the specification of the social welfare function is systematically explored using the FUND model. Increasing risk aversion emphasises climate change damages relative to emission reduction costs, but at the same time increases the discount rate of consumption. Without international co-operation, the discount rate effect domina...