Each giant planet is encircled by planetary rings, usually composed of particles centimeters to meters in radius, but each system also contains regions where much smaller dust grains predominate. This chapter summarizes the techniques used to determine the properties of circumplanetary material, and then gives a precis of the known characteristics of circumplanetary rings (with emphasis on tenu...

in this study, we aimed to determine the effects of halo-priming on yield and yield components of four wheat cultivars in a saline soil. a field study was conducted in factorial based on randomized complete block design (rcbd). soil ph was 8/1 and electrical conductivity was 9 ds/m. wheat cultivars (falat, ghods, chamran and shoori4) were primed with cacl2 solutions (control, 0, 50 and 100 mm)....

A magnetometer instrument, based on a proposal submitted to the Europa Orbiter Announcement of Opportunity, is described. The primary science aim of the instrument would be to characterize the electromagnetic fields which are induced around Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. These signatures will then be interpreted in light of the internal structure of the moons. The design of the instrument consi...

The global missing baryon problem — that the sum of observed baryons falls short of the number expected form BBN — is well known. In addition to this, there is also a local missing baryon problem that applies to individual dark matter halos. This halo by halo missing baryon problem is such that the observed mass fraction of baryons in individual galaxies falls short of the cosmic baryon fractio...

The three large icy satellites of the Jupiter system, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto have different geophysical and geological characteristics but in common the possible presence of an internal ocean. The confirmation of the existence of deep aqueous reservoirs and their physical characterization are critical actions to find out if there are habitable environments in these satellites. A comparat...