Persian painting has usually been studied from historical point of views. But its formation is rooted in a specific social context. In this study, we will try to contextualize it and we will show that this social context has a crucial role regarding its aesthetic. Persian painting is an art of royal courts and it represents the life of princes combined with Persian epic legendes. This social co...

Abstract This article argues that the Mongol empire's famous religious tolerance cannot be explained solely through its adoption of Inner Asian imperial political traditions ruling over ethnically and religiously diverse subjects. Instead, this pluralism can ascribed to a wider pattern Mongols. The first part analytical category immanentist religions explains not only inter-cultic transparency ...

Research objectives: To identify representatives of the Mongolian ruling elite 13th century whose names are mentioned in “History Mongols” by Papal legate, Franciscan John (Giovanni) de Plano Carpini, as well several historical realities epoch Mongol conquests. materials: The Wolfenbüttel copy and its new Russian translation, Persian Arabic chronicles, medieval writings 13th–17th century, histo...

Mongols had been a constant problem for the Sultans of Delhi. During Alauddin Khalji’s reign, there were in all six major invasions. The Sultan took strong action against them. His brae general, Zafar Khan, who become terror them gave resistance to While fighting with at Kili, Khan lost his life. This brave general displayed great sense loyalty as well country by rejecting greater rank offered ...