In this paper, we prove that both problems for calculating the Banzhaf power index and the Shapley-Shubik power index for weighted majority games are NP-complete.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of copper extraction on the structure and function of rangelands ecosystem around the mine area in Dareh Zereshk, Yazd province, Iran. Three study sites were considered at the specified intervals of the mine (0-200, 200-500 and 500-1000m). This research was conducted from 2012 to 2013. In each location, three linear transects with a length of 50 m...

This paper studies the index system of land parcel generalization which is crucial in land use data generalization. We discuss the macro and micro indices of land use data generalization with consideration of spatial scales and landscape pattern. To quantitatively relate the indices and scale and landscape pattern metrics, land use data samples have been collected at multiple spatial scales in ...

15 The geodiversity of Crete is quantified in this study, based on the classification of 16 geomorphometric, geological and climatic factors. A number of geomorphometric variables, 17 extracted from the ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER G-DEM) in conjunction 18 with geological and climatic information, are evaluated through various algorithms incorporated 19 into Geographical Informat...

Among the most popular of metrics used to quantify landscape composition are Shannon’s index, believed to emphasize the richness component of diversity, and Simpson’s index, emphasizing the evenness component. These indices can show considerable variation in response to changes in landscape richness and evenness. However, the possibility of encountering opposite trends in the responses of these...

The Banzhaf index, Shapley-Shubik index and other voting power indices measure the importance of a player in a coalitional game. We consider a simple coalitional game called the spanning connectivity game (SCG) based on an undirected, unweighted multigraph, where edges are players. We examine the computational complexity of computing the voting power indices of edges in the SCG. It is shown tha...

Urbanization is a critical factor affecting the ecological and environmental balance of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), the most populous metropolitan area in Canada, in the past three decades. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the relationship between landscape change and population increase patterns as well as to evaluate ecological impacts of urbanization in the GTA.Multi-temporal re...

During 1995–2010, a comparison of the comprehensive effects four different types urban roads on landscape diversity in Shanghai was performed. Remote sensing images from 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010 transfer matrix mathematical model were used to conduct research, which focused studying rule land use change study area over past 15 years. Seven indices (SHDI, SHEI, ED, NP, TE, AWMSI, MSI) also sel...