Axis determination in early Drosophila embryos is controlled, in part, by regulation of translation of mRNAs transcribed in maternal cells during oogenesis. The Pumilio protein is essential in posterior determination, binding to hunchback mRNA in complex with Nanos to suppress hunchback translation. In order to understand the structural basis of RNA binding, Nanos recruitment, and translational...

We define a new category of candidate tumor drivers in cancer genome evolution: 'selected expression regulators' (SERs)-genes driving dysregulated transcriptional programs in cancer evolution. The SERs are identified from genome-wide tumor expression data with a novel method, namely SPARROW ( SPAR: se selected exp R: essi O: n regulators identified W: ith penalized regression). SPARROW uncovers...

BACKGROUND: Avian influenza (AI) viruses have been isolated from a wide diversity of free-living avian species representing several orders. Since 1998, H9N2 AI outbreaks have been one of the major problems in Iranian poultry industry. In 2006, H5N1 was reported in swans in the north of Iran first , but until now there has been no official report from commercial flocks in Iran. OBJECTIVES: The...

Numerous experimental data support the idea that ovarian tissue in mammals secretes androgenic hormone in addition to the female sex hormones.2'4'14 Similar observations have been made on the starling,"5 the night heron,9 and the English sparrow.8' 15 In the case of the sparrow the evidence is based on the observation that the bill of the female darkens appreciably during the breeding season or...

The dynamic relationship between the predator and the prey has long been and will continue to be one of the dominant themes in population dynamics due to its universal existence and importance in nature 1 . In order to precisely describe the real ecological interactions between species such asmite and spidermite, lynx and hare, and sparrow and sparrow hawk, described by Tanner 2 and Wollkind et...

Metazoan genes are embedded in a rich milieu of regulatory information that often includes multiple enhancers possessing overlapping activities. In this study, we employ quantitative live imaging methods to assess the function of pairs of primary and shadow enhancers in the regulation of key patterning genes-knirps, hunchback, and snail-in developing Drosophila embryos. The knirps enhancers exh...

Cristae in crisis ristae, the complex involutions of the mitochondrial inner membrane, vastly increase the surface area across which ATP synthase can generate a proton gradient. Now, new findings from Jean Velours (Université Victor Ségalen, Bordeaux, France) and colleagues suggest that ATP synthase may be important in forming cristae in the first place. Velours' theory is that oligomerization ...