A review and reanalysis of geological, molecular, and paleontological data led O'Dea et al. (1) to propose (i) that reports by Montes et al. (2) and Bacon et al. (3) regarding a middle Miocene closure of the Central American Seaway (CAS) are unsupported, and (ii) a new age of the formation of the Isthmus at 2.8 million years ago (Ma). Here, we reject both of these conclusions.

Calibration of nucleotide sequence divergence rates provides an important method by which to test many hypotheses of evolution. In the absence of an adequate fossil record, geological events, rather than the first appearances of sister taxa in the geological record, are often used to calibrate molecular clocks. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama, which isolated the tropical western Atlantic...

Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), was first discovered damaging seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) turfgrass in November 2003 at Belle Glade, FL. Inquiries to several golf courses with seashore paspalum turf across southern Florida indicated infestation was wide spread by April 2004. Damage symptoms progress from water soaked lesions surrounding feeding ...

Abstract Unravelling past, large-scale ocean circulation patterns is crucial for deciphering the long-term global paleoclimate. Here we apply numerical modelling to reconstruct detailed paleobathymetry-topography of southwestern inlet Barents Seaway that presently connects Atlantic and Arctic oceans. Subaerial topography was likely enough block Water from entering in earliest Eocene (c. 55 Ma)....

Parasitic salmon lice are potentially harmful to salmonid hosts and farm produced lice pose a threat to wild salmonids. To control salmon lice infections in Norwegian salmonid farming, numbers of lice are regularly counted and lice abundance is reported from all salmonid farms every month. We have developed a stochastic space-time model where monthly lice abundance is modelled simultaneously fo...

The “Carnian Crisis” is documented in basinal, shallow-marine and epicontinental northwestern Tethyan facies areas by, successively, (1) a demise of carbonate platforms and reefs in the Julian 1/IIc, (2) a major faunal and floral turnover in the Late Julian and (3) a significant extinction event affecting conodonts and ammonoids at the Julian/Tuvalian boundary. Based on the study of 19 successi...

Abstract The mid-Cretaceous thermal maximum (KTM) during Cenomanian to Santonian times from ca. 100 83 Ma is considered among Earth's warmest sustained intervals of the Phanerozoic. time interval also characterized by major paleoceanographic changes in form an oceanic anoxic event and flooding epicontinental seaways, such as Western Interior Seaway North America. We report carbonate clumped iso...