Air leak syndrome includes pulmonary interstitial emphysema, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium, pneumoperitoneum, subcutaneous emphysema, and systemic air embolism. The most common cause of air leak syndrome in neonates is inadequate mechanical ventilation of the fragile and immature lungs. The incidence of air leaks in newborns is inversely related to the birth weight of the i...

Pneumopericardium is an uncommon complication of the neonatal transition period, occurring in 1.3 percent of premature neonates in intensive care settings. Its occurrence is usually associated with some type of barotrauma or respiratory intervention, such as endotracheal intubation or administration of continuous positive airway pressure, and is almost exclusively a problem for the premature in...

Pneumopericardium is a rare complication of pericardiocentesis, occurring either as a result of direct pleuro-pericardial communication or a leaky drainage system. Air-fluid level surrounding the heart shadow within the pericardium on a chest X-ray is an early observation at diagnosis. This clinical measurement and process is variable, depending on the hemodynamic status of the patient. The dev...

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) is a rare condition in young adults, usually affecting healthy males with underlying pulmonary disease, which can be extremely rarely complicated pneumopericardium (SPP).