James Costen, otolaryngologist, cited by Edward F. Wright, [1,2] described a few symptoms related to the ear and Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ), which he grouped in term Costen syndrome, Bell [3] suggested Disorders (TMD).

The craniocervical-mandibular system works in harmony and allows different functional tasks as the postural control of the cervical region. This system is formed by the temporomandibular joint, the masticatory muscles and ligaments connecting the temporomandibular joint and the cervical region. It has been seen to affect human posture, and many disorders of the temporomandibular joints may affe...

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders and related masticatory muscle pain represent the most common chronic orofacial pain condition, and are the main cause of pain of non dental origin in the oro-facial region including head ,neck and face (de Leeuw 2008). The etiology of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is multifactorial. One of historical proposed factors was improper occlusion (Egermark-...

Pain caused by temporomandibular disorders originates from either muscular or articular conditions, or both. Distinguishing the precise source of the pain is a significant diagnostic challenge to clinicians, and effective management hinges on establishing a correct diagnosis. This paper examines terminology and regional anatomy as it pertains to functional and dysfunctional states of the tempor...

Masticatory system function disorders, known as temporomandibular disorders (TMD) represent frequently encountered problem in daily practice. Clinicians generally agree that psychosocial factors (stress), trauma (macrotrauma any sudden force to the joint resulting in structural alteration, or microtrauma functional overloading associated with muscular hyperactivity (bruxism) or occlusal instabi...