Evapotranspiration (ET) is an essential part of the hydrological cycle and accurately estimating it plays a crucial role in water resource management. Surface energy balance (SEB) models are widely used to estimate regional ET with remote sensing. The presence of horizontal advection, however, perturbs the surface energy balance system and contributes to the uncertainty of energy influxes. Thus...

The relations among the relative changes of surface density, temperature, disk height, and vertically integrated pressure in three kinds of thermally unstable accretion disks are quantitatively investigated, assuming local perturbations. The surface density change is found to be very small in the long perturbation wavelength case but cannot be ignored in the short-wavelength case. It becomes si...

We carried out large eddy simulations (LES) of three cases of daytime convective boundary layer (CBL) evolution at two field data collection sites in Oklahoma. Boundary layer depth, mean temperature and wind profiles from LES were compared with sonde, profiler, and lidar observations and with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model predictions. Three methods of accounting for the large sca...

We present global solutions of optically thin, two-temperature black hole accretion disks incorporating magnetic fields. We assume that the ̟φ-component of the Maxwell stress is proportional to the total pressure, and prescribe the radial dependence of the magnetic flux advection rate in order to complete the set of basic equations. We obtained the magnetically supported (low-β) disk solutions, ...

The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), defined as the leading empirical orthogonal function of North Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies, is a widely used index for decadal variability. It is shown that the PDO can be recovered from a reconstruction of North Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies based on a first-order autoregressive model and forcing by variability of the Aleutian low...

Reactive transport modelling of dissolved CO 2 in porous media iii Dedicated to my parents (late) and eldest sister. iv Reactive transport modelling of dissolved CO 2 in porous media v ABSTRACT The geological sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO 2) is seen as one of the options of mitigating the imbalance of greenhouse gas emissions and to avoid global warming. However, leakage of CO 2 from the ...

Water vapor is a constituent of the tropical atmosphere which, though to a significant extent locally controlled by vertical advection, precipitation, and surface evaporation, is also affected by horizontal advection. Water vapor affects the flow in turn, because a humid atmosphere supports deep, precipitating convection more readily than a dry atmosphere. Precipitation heats the atmosphere, an...