extended abstract introduction rainfall prediction at regional and global scales is mostly as principle component of hydro-meteorological studies in un-gauged regions. ground-based measurements of precipitation are available with high accuracy in synoptic stations. spatial distribution of operational stations is now as one of the biggest problems in the developing countries such as iran, which ...

Mountainous terrain exerts an important influence on the Earth’s atmosphere and affects atmospheric transport and mixing at a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. The vertical scale of this transport and mixing is determined by the height of the atmospheric boundary layer, which is therefore an important parameter in air pollution studies, weather forecasting, climate modeling, and many o...

Abstract National Forest Inventory (NFI) data are the main source of information on forest resources at country and subcountry levels. This chapter explores strengths limitations NFI-derived indicators to assess development with respect adaptation mitigation climate change, that is, criteria Climate-Smart Forestry (CSF). We reflect harmonizing NFI-based across Europe, use literature scrutinize ...

Available observations suggest that some mountain regions are experiencing seasonal warming rates that are greater than the global land average. There is also evidence from observational and modeling studies for an elevation-dependent climate response within some mountain regions. Our understanding of climate change in mountains, however, remains challenging owing to inadequacies in observation...

In the information age, the speed of producing and supplying valuable information is considered as one of the keys to success in the organizations and institutes.The major objective of this study was to investigate and specify the effective factors in evaluating the BI systems with an emphasis on the integrity of organizational resources. First, five factors were determined as the major factors...

A wide variety of climate and terrain conditions exist in the United States and optimal cartographic generalization techniques for one area of the country may not be suitable for another, particularly when working with surface hydrographic data. This paper presents generalization and data modelling to produce reduced scale versions of hydrographic data for a multi-resolution national data set, ...