Objectives: Stuttering and phonological processing are mutually related. Emotion is an effective factor in fluency and language processing; however, its underlying neural mechanism remains unclear. Event-Related Potential (ERP) is a non-invasive highly-beneficial method with high time resolution for language processing. The present study aimed to explore phonological processing in emotional wor...

A successive approximation time-to-digital converter (TDC) is presented. The proposed TDC is based on the vernier charging method, and characterized with its timing resolution independent of the period of the reference clock. Further by including voltage ratio together with both current and capacitor ratios to enlarge the pulse stretch factor, a higher timing resolution is attained. The circuit...

We report herein a method for the treatment of dropped nucleus during cataract surgery with a 27-gauge twin duty cycle (TDC) vitreous cutter. When a TDC vitreous cutter is used, suction flow volume is maintained even when the cutter is driven at a high speed. This enables an Emery-Little grade 3 nucleus that had been difficult to treat with a conventional 27-gauge cutter to be successfully exci...

The effect of intraduodenally administered cattle bile (CB) and Na-taurodeoxycholate (TDC) on basal pancreatic secretion and plasma levels of secretin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and gastrin were investigated on two separate days in 10 fasting volunteers. Doses of 2-6 g CB and 200-600 mg TDC were given intraduodenally at 65-min intervals. Volume, bicarbonate, lipase, trypsin, amylase, and bil...

An enhanced controller to improve the robustness of Time Delay Control (TDC) for a robot manipulator in the presence of hard nonlinearities is proposed. The problem of TDC is first analyzed with TDC as a trajectory control for a robot manipulator in the presence of hard nonlinearity. The method of steepest descent, which is a type of adaptive control scheme, is used to solve this problem in ord...

The wound-activated biosynthesis of phytoalexin hydroxycinnamic acid amides of tyramine was compared in untransformed and transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) lines that express tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), tyrosine decarboxylase (TYDC), or both activities. Transgenic in vitro-grown tobacco lines expressing TDC activity accumulated high levels of tryptamine but not hydroxycinnamic amides o...

A Time to Digit Converter (TDC), which can achieve resolution 50-60 picoseconds, is integrated on a single FPGA. Implementing a TDC on an FPGA provides not only higher precision and shorter dead time compared to traditional methods, but also higher scale of integration. As the system can be integrated into single chip, it is especially suitable for portable and satellite-borne system. Besides, ...

This paper will demonstrate how a time-to-digital converter (TDC) with sub-nanosecond resolution can be implemented into an 8-bit microcontroller using so called "direct" methods. This means that a TDC is created using only five bidirectional digital input-output-pins of a microcontroller and a few passive components (two resistors, a capacitor, and a diode). We will demonstrate how a TDC for t...

In this paper, a high-resolution time-to-digital converter (TDC) based on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) device is proposed and tested. During the implementation, a new architecture of TDC is proposed which consists of a measurement matrix with 1024 units. The utilization of routing resources as the delay elements distinguishes the proposed design from other existing designs, which cont...

We propose and demonstrate a 20-ps time-to-digital converter (TDC) realized in 90-nm digital CMOS. It is used as a phase/frequency detector and charge pump replacement in an all-digital phase-locked loop for a fully-compliant Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) transceiver. The TDC core is based on a pseudodifferential digital architecture that makes it insensitive to nMOS and pMOS tr...