In this work, benzyl alcohol was obtained in 96% excellent yield by hydrolysis of benzyl chloride catalyzedby the recyclable temperature-dependant phase-separation system that comprised the ionic liquid PEG1000-DAIL[BF4], toluene and ferric sulfate under homogeneous catalysis in aqueous media. This novel methodnot only enhanced the yield, but also made the operating units easy workup. The catal...

Following our previous studies on potassium poly(heptazine imide) (K-PHI), that is, catalyzed photooxidative [3+2] aldoxime-to-nitrile addition to form 1,2,4-oxadiazoles, we discovered electron-rich oximes yield the parent aldehydes instead of target products. In this work, mechanism singlet oxygen-mediated deoximation process was established using a series control reactions and spectroscopic m...

tmrna (also known as ssra or 10sa rna) is so-named for its dual nature so that can function like trna and mrna. tmrna involved in a trans-translation reaction that truly is a kind of translational quality control system. this process contributes to the recycling of stalled translation complexes at the end of an mrna lacking a stop codon or at an internal mrna cluster of rare codons in a process...

black humor plays a crucial role in fulfilling langston hughes's anti-racist purposes as an integral notionin his poetry. accordingly, translation(s) of his poetry are to benefit from the same indexes onthe basis of equivalent effect principle. on this account, 33 black-humor-rich poems of hughes, translatedby ahmad shamloo, yaghma golruee and hassan fayyad, were selected to be analyzed contras...

The efficiency of new nontraditional scheme for generating bremsstrahlung is studied by means of computer simulation. In this scheme the electron beam multiply crosses a thin target due to the presence of special focusing magnetic field [1]. It is showed that one could expect more than two times increasing of the radiation yield power. 1 NEW SCHEME OF EFFECTIVE BREMSSTRAHLUNG SOURCE The X-ray r...

Group II introns are mobile ribozymes that self-splice from precursor RNAs to yield excised intron lariat RNAs, which then invade new genomic DNA sites by reverse splicing. The introns encode a reverse transcriptase that stabilizes the catalytically active RNA structure for forward and reverse splicing, and afterwards converts the integrated intron RNA back into DNA. The characteristics of grou...

We investigate picosecond laser ablation of metals using a hybrid simulation scheme. Laser energy input into the electron system and heat conduction within it are modeled using a finite-difference scheme for solving the heat conduction equation. Atom motion in the near-surface part ~72 nm! of the sample is modeled using molecular dynamics. Energy transfer between the electronic and atomic subsy...

Genetic modification (GM) of food crops is a very hot topic in today’s society. When researchers discovered that certain bacteria had the ability to transfer their own DNA into plant genomes, the applications seemed endless. By taking advantage of this transfer DNA (T-DNA) mechanism, scientists can selectively transfer specific genes into the target plant to provide agronomic or health benefits...

A common problem of the preparation of hexachlorofluorescein labeled oligonucleotides is the transformation of the fluorophore to an arylacridine derivative under standard ammonolysis conditions. We show here that the arylacridine byproduct with distinct optical characteristics cannot be efficiently separated from the major product by HPLC or electrophoretic methods, which hampers precise physi...

Much effort has been devoted to the synthesis of gold nanoparticles with different shapes, including the zero-dimensional nanospheres, one dimensional nanorods, and two-dimensional nanoplates. Compared to zero or one dimensional nanostructures, the synthesis of two-dimensional nanostructures in high yield has always been more involved, often requiring complex and timeconsuming steps such as mor...