Tumor cells utilize glucose to engage in aerobic glycolysis, fulfilling their metabolic demands for extensive proliferation. A recent study Nature discovers that tumor-infiltrating myeloid exhibit a superior uptake capacity over tumor cells, which present enhanced glutamine metabolism, suggesting nutrient partitioning the TME might be more complex than previously thought. take up enormous amoun...

We describe an aVLSI network consisting of a group of excitatory neurons and a global inhibitory neuron. The output of the inhibitory neuron is normalized with respect to the input strengths in a manner that is useful in any system where we wish the output signal to code only the strength of the inputs, and not be dependent on the number of active inputs. The circuitry in each neuron is equival...

This paper constructs a simple model of pair-wise tournament competition to investigate categorical redistribution in winner-take-all markets. We consider two forms of redistribution: category-sighted, where employers are allowed to use categorical information in pursuit of their redistributive goals; and category-blind, where they are not. It is shown that the equilibrium category-sighted redi...

In this paper we present two analog VLSI circuits that implement current mode winner-take-all (WTA) networks with lateral excitation. We describe their principles of operation and compare their performance to previously proposed circuits. The desirable properties of these circuits, namely compactness, low power consumption, collective processing and robustness to noisy inputs make them ideal fo...

How can the central nervous system make accurate decisions about external stimuli at short times on the basis of the noisy responses of nerve cell populations? It has been suggested that spike time latency is the source of fast decisions. Here, we propose a simple and fast readout mechanism, the temporal Winner-Take-All (tWTA), and undertake a study of its accuracy. The tWTA is studied in the f...

We present and rigorously analyze a generalization of the WinnerTake-All Network: the K-Winners-Take-All Network. This network identifies the K largest of a set of N real numbers. The network model used is the continuous Hopfield model.

This paper proposes a discrete recurrent neural network model to implement winner-take-all function. This network model has simple organizations and clear dynamic behaviours. The dynamic properties of the proposed winner-take-all networks are studied in detail. Simulation results are given to show network performance. Since the network model is formulated as discrete time systems , it has advan...

It is shown that by restricting the number of active neurons in a layer of a Boltzmann machine, a sparse distributed coding of the input data can be learned. Unlike Winner-Take-All, this coding reveals the distance structure in the training data and thus introduces proximity in the learned code. Analogous to the normal Radial Basis Boltzmann Machine , the network uses an annealing schedule to a...

Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, a filamentous ascomycete, is an important root pathogen of cereals that causes take-all disease and results in severe crop losses worldwide. Previously we identified a polyphenol oxidase (laccase) secreted by the fungus when induced with copper. Here we report cloning and partial characterization of three laccase genes (LAC1, LAC2, and LAC3) from G. gramini...