According to the unique properties and many applications of nano gold powder, it was prepared from an acid leaching tail solution. The low value residual gold ions existed in acid leaching tail solution in Mouteh gold mine in Iran with fellow heavy metals as pollutants (Fe2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+). Preparation of nano gold particles is achieved by two steps: First, by addition of ammonia as separatio...

According to the unique properties and many applications of nano gold powder, it was prepared from an acid leaching tail solution. The low value residual gold ions existed in acid leaching tail solution in Mouteh gold mine in Iran with fellow heavy metals as pollutants (Fe2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+). Preparation of nano gold particles is achieved by two steps: First, by addition of ammonia as separatio...

BACKGROUND Cluster randomized controlled trials increasingly are used to evaluate health interventions where patients are nested within larger clusters such as practices, hospitals or communities. Patients within a cluster may be similar to each other relative to patients in other clusters on key variables; therefore, sample size calculations and analyses of results require special statistical ...

J. Milton and R. Wiseman (1999) attempted to replicate D. Bem and C. Honorton's (1994) meta-analysis, which yielded evidence that the ganzfeld is a suitable method for demonstrating anomalous communication. Using a database of 30 ganzfeld and autoganzfeld studies, Milton and Wiseman's meta-analysis yielded an effect size (ES) of only 0.013 (Stouffer Z = 0.70, p = .24, one-tailed). Thus they fai...

BACKGROUND Rhamphorhynchus from the Solnhofen Limestones is the most prevalent long tailed pterosaur with a debated life history. Whereas morphological studies suggested a slow crocodile-like growth strategy and superprecocial volant hatchlings, the only histological study hitherto conducted on Rhamphorhynchus concluded a relatively high growth rate for the genus. These controversial conclusion...

Coat and body mass status provide a potential noninvasive way to assess primate health status as well as the effects of seasonality, resource use and reproductive state. Coat and body condition were scored visually for 36 wild Lemur catta at the Bezà Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar, from July 2012 to March 2013. Coat quality generally increased during the wet season when resource availabil...

Cervid phenotype can be categorized as efficiency, which promotes survival but not extravagant growth, or luxury which promotes growth of large weaponry and body size. Although nutritional variation greatly influences these phenotypic forms, the potential for subspecies-linked genetic or founder effects from restocking efforts of harvested species has not been eliminated. We measured intergener...

A longstanding suggestion posits that parents prefer to match nest volume and clutch size (clutch volume), but few studies have tested this in colonial seabirds that nest in the open. Here, we demonstrate the effects of nest-clutch volume matching on egg survival, hatching, and fledgling success in black-tailed gulls Larus crassirostris on Hongdo Island, Korea. We show that the volume mismatch,...

Predation is a strong selective pressure generating morphological, physiological and behavioural responses in organisms. As predation risk is often higher during juvenile stages, antipredator defences expressed early in life are paramount to survival. Maternal effects are an efficient pathway to produce such defences. We investigated whether maternal exposure to predator cues during gestation a...