Through time, the activity patterns, morphology, and development of both predators and prey change, which in turn alter the relative vulnerability of prey to their coexisting predators. Recognizing these changes can thus allow prey to make optimal decisions by projecting risk trends into the future. We used tadpoles (Lithobates sylvaticus) to test the hypothesis that tadpoles can extrapolate in...

We measure the complete electric field of extremely complex ultrafast waveforms using the simple linear-optical, interferometric pulse-measurement technique, MUD TADPOLE. The waveforms were measured with ~40 fs temporal resolution over a temporal range of ~3.5 ns and had time-bandwidth products exceeding 65,000. The approach is general and could allow the measurement of arbitrary optical wavefo...

We present direct measurements of the spatiotemporal electric field of an ultrashort Bessel-X pulse generated using a conical lens (axicon). These measurements were made using the linear-optical interferometric technique SEA TADPOLE, which has micrometer spatial resolution and femtosecond temporal resolution. From our measurements, both the superluminal velocity of the Bessel pulse and the prop...

We investigate a tadpole-improved tree-level-O(a)-accurate action, D234c, on coarse lattices, using the mean link in Landau gauge to measure the tadpole contribution. We find that D234c shows much better rotational invariance than Sheikholeslami-Wohlert, and that mean-link tadpole improvement gives much better hadron mass scaling than plaquette tadpole improvement, with finite-a errors at 0.25 ...

Worldwide amphibian declines highlight the need for programs that monitor species presence and track population trends. We sampled larval amphibians with a box trap at 3-week intervals for 23 months in eight wetlands, and concurrently trapped adults and juveniles with drift fences, to examine spatiotemporal patterns of tadpole occurrence; explore relationships between breeding effort, tadpole a...

We investigate a tree-level O(a3)-accurate action, D234c, on coarse lattices. For the improvement terms we use tadpole-improved coefficients, with the tadpole contribution measured by the mean link in Landau gauge. We measure the hadron spectrum for quark masses near that of the strange quark. We find that D234c shows much better rotational invariance than the Sheikholeslami-Wohlert action, and...

An efficient method to calculate tadpole diagrams is proposed. Its capability is demonstrated by analytically evaluating two four-loop tadpole diagrams of current interest in the literature, including their O(ǫ) terms in D = 4 − 2ǫ space-time dimensions.

The extensive computer-aided search applied in Bena et al. (The tadpole problem, 2020) to find the minimal charge sourced by fluxes that stabilize all (flux-stabilizable) moduli of a smooth K3 $$\times $$ compactification uses differential evolutionary algorithms supplemented local searches. We present these detail and show they can also solve our minimization problem for other lattices. Our re...

Laboratory bioassays using Culex quinquefasciatus larvae evaluated the effect of tadpole shrimp on the persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) in water collected from the surface of field microcosms. Time elapsed since B.t.i. treatment, as well as presence or absence of soil and tadpole shrimp, affected B.t.i. persistence at the water surface in 15- and 30-cm total depth...