the current study carried out in order that identify the effective causes and effects led to outbreak of administrative corruption in the bank sepah of qom province on the subject of “the study of effective individual and organizational factors of administrative corruption in the bank sepah of qom province”. the area of study encircles the employees which work in the bank sepah. this study has ...

Cell lineage analysis in the cortex has revealed two clonal patterns, clustered and widespread clones. To determine the relationship of these patterns, progenitor cells were infected with a retroviral library encoding alkaline phosphatase, and cortical sibling cells were identified using PCR. Clones labeled at E15 consisted of single cells or small cells clusters (52%) or of widespread cells (4...

This article mainly seeks to provide a framework to help us reach a better understanding of the nature, causes and grounds of increasing administrative corruption in developing countries. In this regard, the author identifies six approaches to administrative corruption and surveys issues related to the rise of corruption within these context. These approaches include cost-benefit, relative depr...

Multisectoral actions for health, defined as actions undertaken by non-health sectors to protect the health of the population, are essential in the context of inter-linkages between three dimensions of sustainable development: economic, social, and environmental. These multisectoral actions can address the social and economic factors that influence the health of a population at the local, natio...

OBJECTIVES There is little consensus regarding the burden of pain in the UK. The purpose of this review was to synthesise existing data on the prevalence of various chronic pain phenotypes in order to produce accurate and contemporary national estimates. DESIGN Major electronic databases were searched for articles published after 1990, reporting population-based prevalence estimates of chroni...

OBJECTIVE To establish the prevalence of chronic widespread pain and associated symptoms in a general population sample. METHODS Cross sectional postal survey of 2,034 adults in the north of England. RESULTS The point prevalence of chronic widespread pain was 11.2%. The symptom was strongly associated with other somatic complaints and with measures of depression and anxiety. CONCLUSION In...

Holistic and multi-disciplinary responses should be prioritized given the depth and breadth through which corruption in the healthcare sector can cover. Here, taking the Peruvian context as an example, we will reflect on the issue of corruption in health systems, including corruption with roots within and outside the health sector, and ongoing efforts to combat it. Our ...

Numerous investigations demonstrate that the problem of corruption in the health sector is enormous and has grave negative consequences for patients. Nevertheless, the problem of corruption in health systems is far from eminent in the international health policy debate. Hutchinson, Balabanova, and McKee have identifed in their Editorial five reasons why the health policy community has been relu...