The agricultural sector in Syria was heavily affected by the civil war that started 2011. We investigate war’s impact on country’s atmospheric ammonia (NH3) from 2008 to 2019, using measurements infrared sounding interferometer instrument board Metop satellites. examine changes NH3 close a fertilizer industry, whose activities were suspended due conflict-related events. also explore effect of w...

Since 2011, the Syrian Civil War has become an arena of international competition between regional and global powers. As a dominant actor, Turkey important interests in this conflict. However, although great importance is given to civil war factors power balances at field level, Turkey’s internal conditions play role as well these externalities. Therefore, analysis foreign policy towards Syria ...

Over the past three decades, various efforts have been made to develop special education policies and services in Syria. However, guarantee improvement of sustainable national enhancements during both emergency reconstruction phases Syrian Civil War, it is necessary continue address intersectional ways by which people with disabilities disproportionately impacted. This paper provides an update ...

so slow to grasp the implication of the use of whole blood in World War I, limited though that experience was; why it did not take advantage of the successful bloodprogram used during the Spanish Civil War; and why it did not immediately make use of the British experience in the early months of World War II when the necessity and value of whole blood for combat casualties were so clearly proved...

US Civil War data allow examinations of theories of leadership. By observing both leaders and followers during the war and 40 years after it, I establish that the most able became wartime leaders, that leading by example from the front was an effective strategy in reducing desertion rates, and that leaders later migrated to the larger cities because this is where their superior skills would hav...

A model of the economic effects of civil war and the post-war period is developed. A key feature is the adjustment of the capital stock through capital flight. Post-war this flight can either be reversed or continue, depending partly upon how far the capital stock has adjusted to the war. The model is tested on data for all civil wars since 1960. After long civil wars the economy recovers rapid...

War and Stature: Growing Up During the Nigerian Civil War The Nigerian civil war of 1967-70 was precipitated by secession of the Igbo-dominated southeastern region to create the state of Biafra. It was the first civil war in Africa, the predecessor of many. We investigate the legacies of this war four decades later. Using variation across ethnicity and cohort, we identify significant long run i...

A common finding in the empirical civil war literature is that population size and per capita income are highly significant predictors of civil war incidence and onset. This paper shows that the common finding of population size and per capita income having a significant average effect on civil war risk in a world sample breaks down once countryand year-specific unobservables are accounted for....

McKean, also served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Ernest Shaw was born in 1873 in Michigan and made his living as an abstractor, that is, one who describes parcels of property for plot maps. Mary McKean was born in 1871 in Minnesota and made her living as a school teacher. They met in North Dakota and were married in Wahpeton in 1904. Mary Shaw was the second of their five ch...