The nitrogen fixation (nif) genes of nodule-forming Bradyrhizobium strains are generally located on symbiosis islands or symbiosis plasmids, suggesting that these genes have been transferred laterally. The nif genes of rhizobial and non-rhizobial Bradyrhizobium strains were compared in order to infer the evolutionary histories of nif genes. Based on all codon positions, the phylogenetic tree of...

The adoption of a symbiotic lifestyle is a major adaptation in the marine realm. Protection against environmental stress, escape from natural enemies, and nourishment are the major benefits obtained by symbiotic crustaceans from hosts. Hosts also represent a mating and nursery ground for symbiotic crustaceans. Costs and/or benefits experienced by hosts are diverse but may be subtle and challeng...

BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by accumulation of intrahepatic lipid. The use of live microorganisms promotes beneficial effects; however, the use of symbiotic and its role in NAFLD is not yet fully understood. AIM Verify if the symbiotic administration influences the occurrence and progression of NAFLD in rats, after induction of hepatic steatosis by hi...

The construct validity of maternal mind-mindedness (MM) was investigated in the context of its relations with children's later understanding of mind. MM measures were obtained from infant-mother (N = 52) interactions at 6 months, and from maternal interviews at 48 months. Children's understanding of mind was assessed using theory of mind (ToM) tasks at 45 and 48 months, and a stream of consciou...

The symbiotic association between corals and photosynthetic unicellular algae is of great importance in coral reef ecosystems. The study of symbiotic relationships is multidisciplinary and involves research in phylogeny, physiology, biochemistry, and ecology. An intriguing phase in each symbiotic relationship is its initiation, in which the partners interact for the first time. The examination ...

Most animal-microbe symbiotic interactions must be advantageous to the hostand provide nutritional benefits to the endosymbiont. When the host providesnutrients, it can gain the capacity to control the interaction, promote self-growthand increase its fitness. Chlorella-like green algae engage in symbioticrelationships with certain protozoans, a partnership which significantly im...

Quentin Smith has argued that the new tenseless theory of time is faced with insurmountable problems and should be abandoned in favour of the tensed theory of time. Smith’s main argument attacks the fundamental premise of the tenseless theory: that tenseless truth conditions for tokens of tensed sentences adequately capture the meaning of tensed sentences. His position is that tenseless truth c...

1998-1999 school year poses the question of how the United States should change its foreign policy toward Russia. Although debate about foreign policy has been relegated to a back-seat compared to domestic issues by the American public, the academic community in international relations (IR) has been energized by the end of the Cold War. The Russia topic will provide a challenging opportunity fo...

The paper presents an analysis of the interpretation of recursive types as logical relations in the framework of iterative algebraic theories. This allows a smoother presentation of the underlying technique, and easier proofs of properties of the interpretation.