The increases above 1975 levels for acid mine drainage and subsidence for the years 1985 and 2000 based on projections of current mining trends and the National Energy Plan are presented. No increases are projected for acid mine drainage from surface mines or waste since enforcement under present laws should control this problem. The increase in acid mine drainage from underground mines is proj...

A system is being investigated that uses elastic waves as the primary detection mechanism to detect buried land mines [1]. The system is shown in Fig. 1. In the system, a stationary transducer, located on the surface of the soil adjacent to the search region, generates an elastic wave in the earth. The elastic wave propagates through the search region and interacts with the buried mine. This ca...

Implementation of clean mining technology at coal mines is crucial to protect the environment and maintain balance among energy resources, consumption, and ecology. After reviewing present coal clean mining technology, we introduce the technology principles and technological process of paste backfill mining in coal mines and discuss the components and features of backfill materials, the constit...

The Upper Group 2 (UG2) chromitite reef is a shallow-dipping stratiform tabular orebody in the South African Bushveld Complex, which strikes for hundreds of kilometres. Mining extensive, with depths ranging from close-to-surface to 500 m. Pillars are widely used support open stopes and bords. Little work has been done past determine strength pillars on UG2 Reef design was using formulae develop...

I am grateful for the opportunity to speak directly to American physicists by mean of this short article. I am not a physicist, so my article will be short on technical detail, and I can merely give a general outline of the problems encountered by various technologies used to date. In case any subscribers are interested in contributing to the fight against landmines, I have included some outlin...

As a tool for exploration of concealed coal seams by modern techniques, determination of the depth of erosion of coal seams with reference to the surface of angular unconformity underlying the remnants of a key bed is conducted for the first time in coal mines of Kerman region. The angular unconformity surface (the initial surface exposure of coal seams) separates the coal seams of Jurassic age...

This paper describes the analysis of fatal accidents of Indian coal mines from April 1989 to March 1998. It is found that Indian mines have considerably higher accident and fatality rates compared to those in USA and South Africa, respectively. While open cast mines are generally known to be safer than underground mines, the Indian open cast mines are shown to be at least as hazardous to the wo...

The volume analysis of open-pit mines is important for preparing the plans for environmental recultivation. To assess the predictability of finances and deadlines it is indispensable to determine the exact amount of backfilling required. A geodetic survey presupposes a very time-consuming and special expertise; furthermore, accuracy depends on the experience of the expert and on the number of c...

Surface coal mines prior to 1950 in the USA were generally left without any reclamation. As government regulations advanced since then, mine operators were required to backfill the area and plant grasses or trees. After the federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) was passed in 1977 in the USA, mine operators were required to conduct pre-mining analyses of the site and to desi...

The issue of humanitarian demining becomes increasingly important in the modern world. In the light of this, one of the most urgent problems to be solved is the development of new more effective and safer methods of land mine detection. The idea, which forms the essence of this paper, is based on using scattering of Rayleigh surface waves on buried land mines for their remote detection (at dist...