Abstract On 28 November 2022, the EU Commission published proposals for amendment of Community Design Regulation (CDR) and recast Directive (DDir). Both (in following: PEUDR, PDDir) were preceded by reports comprehensive consultations with interested circles. The aim both is to streamline simplify proceedings, enhance harmonisation, improve functioning design legislation inter alia regarding no...

The paper deals with the category of possession as a linguistic and semantics English possessive substantive constructions. Possession is universal, fundamental complex heterogeneous meaning plane expression, therefore there are several directions its study in linguistics. In broad sense, expresses spatial relations between two objects, when one them considered an element “personal sphere” anot...

Abstract When criminal law became one of the components Union’s objectives, EU obtained explicit substantive competences. Minimum rules on facilitate principle mutual recognition, allow for approximation sanctions and common definitions certain offences, make it possible to respond global challenges. Criminal could also have serious consequences persons involved. The legislator should therefore...

Insufficient effort responding (IER; Huang, Curran, Keeney, Poposki, & DeShon, 2012) to surveys has largely been assumed to be a source of random measurement error that attenuates associations between substantive measures. The current article, however, illustrates how and when the presence of IER can produce a systematic bias that inflates observed correlations between substantive measures. Not...

In this paper we study substantive assumptions in social interaction. By substantive assumptions we mean contingent assumptions about what the players know and believe about each other’s choices and information. We explain why such assumptions are important, we show how to identify and compare them, formally, and we also show that there exist contexts where no substantive assumptions are being ...

In a recent editorial in Biostatistics, Peng (2009) introduced a system for making data and computer code from papers in the journal publicly available so that other researchers can reproduce the statistical analyses in the paper. The editors explain in a short accompanying note (Diggle and Zeger, 2009) that ‘we wish to encourage the practice of making research published in the journal reproduc...