Variation in song can play a central role in species and subspecies recognition among birds. The ability of individuals to distinguish between songs of their own versus songs of a different subspecies potentially strengthens local adaptation of subspecific populations. We investigated the degree of vocal divergence and discrimination between two subspecies of Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana)...

Several lines of CHO cells stably overexpressing protein kinase C (PKC) subspecies to various extents were established by the DNA-mediated transfer. Upon treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, the growth of the cells expressing the PKC-delta subspecies was markedly inhibited, whereas cell lines expressing PKC-alpha, PKC-beta II, and PKC-zeta subspecies were not significantly affected. ...

the distribution of gazella bennetti in iran is reviewed. the species is commonly said to be confined to the southeastern part of the country, but is actually widespread over suitable areas, east of the zagros range and south of the alborz. in the north and west of this range, there is a hitherto undescribed subspecies, which is named and diagnosed for the first time in this paper; its similari...

21 Cattle diverged during the Pleistocene into two subspecies, one in temperate and one in 22 tropical environments. Here we have used next generation sequencing of the indicine 23 subspecies of cattle and compared it to the taurine subspecies. Although 23.8 million 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were found, the number of fixed amino acid 25 substitutions between the taurine and indic...

Association mapping was performed for 18 agromorphological and grain quality traits in a set of 183 Spanish landraces, including subspecies durum, turgidum and dicoccon, genotyped with 749 DArT (Diversity Array Technology) markers. Large genetic and phenotypic variability was detected, being the level of diversity among the chromosomes and genomes heterogeneous, and sometimes complementary, amo...

As global temperatures rise, there is a growing need to understand the physiological mechanisms that determine an organism's thermal niche. Here, we test the hypothesis that increases in mitochondrial capacity with cold acclimation and adaptation are associated with decreases in thermal tolerance using two subspecies of killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) that differ in thermal niche. We assessed...

BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis causes systemic infection and chronic intestinal inflammation in many species including primates. Humans are exposed through milk and from sources of environmental contamination. Hitherto, the only vaccines available against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis have been limited to veterinary use and comprised attenuated or k...