Tafone-like depressions have developed on the Aoshima sandstone blocks used for a masonry bridge pier in the coastal spray zone. A thin layer of partial granular disintegration was found on the surface in depressions. To evaluate quantitatively the strength of the thin weathered layer, the hardness was measured at the surface of the sandstone blocks using both an Equotip hardness tester and an ...

Similarity is a notion that is widely used both in cognitive science and in argumentation theory. These research programs have, however, developed in large part separately and in consequence rely on disparate notions of similarity. Only recently there has been a proposal for specifying how similarity actually plays a role in judging slippery slope arguments. We present here further theoretical ...

This report is a review of some failure models today used for determine failure in thin sheets of high strength steels. Focus has been given on phenomenlogical models and only some simple simulations have been carried out. The phenomenlogical models that have been summarized here are of four different categories, namely stress based, strain based, combined stress and strain based and damaged mo...

Much research on elemental causal learning has focused on how causal strength is learned from the states of variables. In longitudinal contexts, the way a cause and effect change over time can be informative of the underlying causal relationship. We propose a framework for inferring the causal strength from different observed transitions, and compare the predictions to existing models of causal...

In this study, the concrete-steel bond strength of concrete filled cylindrical steel tubes has been experimentally investigated. 22 short, high strength and normal concrete filled circular steel tubes were tested. Push-out test was carried out as the common method to evaluate the bond carrying capacity. Four different concrete mixes were used in preparing the specimens. The steel tubes were w...

The calculation of the factor safety (FOS) is an important means slope evaluation. This paper proposed improved double strength reduction method (DRM) to analyze layered slopes. physical properties different soil layers slopes are different, so single coefficient (SRM) not enough reflect actual critical state Considering that water content in natural main for soil, attenuation law shear clayey ...