[1] A 1000 km long cloud-line over the major axis of the Gulf Stream was detected in imagery from a number of satellites on April 24, 2001. Analysis of environmental conditions shows that such a cloud-line is formed when the synoptic low-level wind is parallel to the Gulf Stream axis and the sky is clear, conditions that rarely occur in the hightemperature and high-moisture Gulf Stream region. ...

It is known that mechanical work, and in turn electricity, can be produced from a difference in the chemical potential that may result from a salinity gradient. Such a gradient may be found, for instance, in an estuary where a stream of soft water is flooding into a sink of salty water which we may find in an ocean, gulf or salt lake. Various technological approaches are proposed for the produc...

We prove, under mild conditions, that the stochastic gradient Langevin dynamics converges to a limiting law as time tends infinity, even in case where driving data sequence is dependent.

Widespread planting of maize throughout the agricultural Midwest may result in detritus entering adjacent stream ecosystems, and 63% of the 2009 US maize crop was genetically modified to express insecticidal Cry proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis. Six months after harvest, we conducted a synoptic survey of 217 stream sites in Indiana to determine the extent of maize detritus and prese...

Riparian zones are vital components of the landscape. Much attention has been focused on the question of how wide a buffer is needed to protect the original riparian environment. We sampled five streams 2–4 m wide and associated riparian ecosystems before and after clearcutting in western Washington. Buffers ranging from 17 to 72 m wide were left intact at all sites when harvesting. Our objecti...

We describe large-eddy simulations (LES) of the flat-plate turbulent boundary layer in the presence of an adverse pressure gradient. The stretched-vortex subgrid-scale model is used in the domain of the flow coupled to a wall model that explicitly accounts for the presence of a finite pressure gradient. The LES are designed to match recent experiments conducted at the University of Melbourne wi...

Large dams degrade the integrity of a wide variety of ecosystems, yet direct downstream effects of dams have received the most attention from ecosystem managers and researchers. We investigated indirect upstream effects of dams resulting from decimation of migratory freshwater shrimp and fish populations in Puerto Rico, USA, in both high- and low-gradient streams. In high-gradient streams above...

The ability to generate stable chemical gradients in microfluidics has important applications, since such gradients are useful in both chemical and biological studies. Growing evidence reveals that many cellular responses are specific to non-linear spatial gradients, hence a need to control complex concentration gradient profiles with and within microfluidics. In this paper, we present a struct...

The downstream distribution of stream power is derived and analysed for 11 different streams in the upper Hunter River catchment, Australia. Stream long profiles were produced in a GIS environment using DEM data and catchment area–discharge analysis. These profiles were analysed using three approaches, namely long profile smoothing, curve fitting and a theoretical model. The methodology for der...