Different structural parts of monuments and historic buildings were based on stone as the main building material, such as masonry and foundation, while many types of stones were also used for decorative, architectural elements, such as reliefs, cornices, corbels, colonnettes. The preservation of stone elements is crucial for the continuity of these structures. Mortar on the other hand is an art...

Various methodologies are available today in engineering professional practice to analyse structures, in particular in the field of masonry structures. Many of the methods are derived from reinforced concrete frames but sometimes they suffer of lack of comprehensive experimental validation due to difficulties to simulate the many different kinds of masonries and they suffer from lack of critica...

(2) a. These blockages can grow instance by instance, cycle by cycle, stone after stone, lifetime after lifetime, until the body starts to manifest these issues as disease b. Brick upon brick, stone upon stone they grow. c. She laid book upon book and built a staircase long enough to climb up and look over the wall. d. This mystery offers puzzle within puzzle. e. The Wall of Tears is a very big...

The traditional open channel slope protection retaining wall structure generally adopts cast-in-place concrete, mortar or dry masonry stone, gabion structure, ecological bag, etc. construction of these structural forms has a single function, huge labor consumption, and large number on-site use. Mortar concrete cause serious environmental pollution, they only play protective role on the surface,...

Abstract An ultrasonic technique has been experimented for non destructive testing of building structures. The Through Transmission Technique has been applied, processing the wave incident on a grid of detecting probes after it has been transmitted through a trachite stone masonry with an inside cavity. Several parameters associated with acoustic waves propagating through the structure have bee...

Among the different non-destructive tests used to carry out an exhaustive survey about the mechanical and durability characteristics of a masonry made of solid tile-bricks, the ultrasonic method has experienced a wide diffusion thanks to its low costs and to its easiness of use; the method essentially consists in detecting the propagation velocity of ultrasonic pulses propagating through a soli...

In order to evaluate the potential for using environmental controls as a preventive conservation strategy Reigate Stone masonry, this paper tests hypothesis that powdering and flaking decay patterns are direct consequence of climatic variables. Samples masonry affected by each pattern analysed soluble salt content ion chromatography. The results used build thermodynamic models in ECOS Runsalt. ...

Masonry cavity walls are loaded by wind pressure and vertical load from upper floors. These loads results in bending moments and compression forces in the ties connecting the outer and the inner wall in a cavity wall. Large cavity walls are furthermore loaded by differential movements from the temperature gradient between the outer and the inner wall, which results in critical increase of the b...