Luminance is a fundamental property of visual scenes. A population of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) is sensitive to uniform luminance. In natural vision, however, the retinal image often changes rapidly. Consequently the luminance signals visual cells receive are transiently varying. How V1 neurons respond to such luminance changes is unknown. By applying large static uniform stimuli or...

It is not known whether the instincts of wild horses have remained strong during their centuries of domestication. Knowledge of this matter would give riders the opportunity to know more about the behavior of horses and consequently about safety for both horses and riders. In this current research, we studied the behavior of fifteen Caspian miniature horses of different ages and sexes using sti...

In the current study, we examined the postulation that rumination makes it difficult for depressed individuals to learn the exact probability that different stimuli will be associated with punishment. To do so, we induced rumination or distraction in depressed and never-depressed participants and then measured punishment and reward sensitivity with a probabilistic selection task. In this task, ...

What causes interference in short-term memory? We report the novel finding that immediate memory for visually-presented verbal items is sensitive to disruption from task-irrelevant vibrotactile stimuli. Specifically, a visual sequence disrupted by concurrently presented of vibrations, but only when entails change (when “jumps” between two hands). The impact on visual-verbal serial recall was si...

To test whether the binocular contour rivalry mechanism is tritanopic, we presented isoluminant, rival stimuli visible only via the short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cones. We stimulated only the S cones with violet gratings superimposed on a bright yellow field that adapted the responses of the middle- and long-wavelength-sensitive (M and L) cones. We found that an S-cone grating presented to one...

The contrast sensitivities to sine-wave grating stimuli were measured for 36 observers with ages in the range 8 to 67 years. Thirty-one observers had normal, healthy vision while 4 were suffering from diabetic retinopathy and 1 had a early lens opacities and macular degeneration. The younger members of the group with normal vision were less sensitive to low spatial frequencies and the older mem...

. We perceive everything that surrounds us with our senses. People are able to the environment, including market or shopping through sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste. Human senses play a very important role in product selection until recently have been underutilized marketing strategies. Information person receives from environment comes five human organs (eyes, ears, nose, mouth skin), w...

The swelling force exerted by solvents in polymer gels is revealed to trigger mechanochemical reactions, as reported Takuma Watabe and Hideyuki Otsuka their Research Article (e202216469). A multinetwork strategy based on sequential monomer polymerization processes makes the original network sensitive mechanical stimuli. slight volume expansion caused leads activation of mechanoresponsive linker...