In the Stern–Gerlach experiment, silver atoms were separated according to their spin state (Gerlach and Stern 1922 Z. Phys. 9 353–355). This experiment demonstrates the quantization of spin and relies on the classical description of motion. However, so far, no design has led to a functional Stern–Gerlach magnet for free electrons. Bohr and Pauli showed in the 1930 Solvay conference that Stern–G...

Structural conformation of proteins can be determined using spectroscopic measurements. Fluorescence activity of proteins is one of the primary criterions for studying biophysical characteristics. Structural elucidation of proteins is important for drug developments.Fluorescence quenching of Cytochrome C, Myoglobin and Leghemoglobin were carried out using acrylamide and Potassium Iodide (KI) so...

the surface parameter of nanoparticles such as hydrophobicity and a hydrophilicity on protein structure and function is very important. in this study, conformational changes of glucose oxidase (gox) in the mercaptopurine: gnps and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid: gnps as a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic gnps surface was investigated by various spectroscopic techniques, including: uv-vis absorption, f...

In a recent paper, three economists — Drusilla Brown, Alan Deardoff, and Robert Stern — attempt to calculate the benefits of trade liberalization. They estimate that complete elimination of all trade barriers in the world would add $1.9 trillion (about 5%) to the world's gross economic product by 2005 (Brown, Deardoff, and Stern 2001). Brown-Deardoff-Stern's numbers look convincing, leaving the...

This review essay examines whether too-big-to-fail is as serious a problem as Gary Stern and Ron Feldman contend. This essay argues that Stern and Feldman overstate the importance of the too-bigto-fail problem and do not give enough credit to the FDICIA legislation of 1991 for improving bank regulation and supervision. However, this criticism of the Stern and Feldman book does not detract from ...

Introduction Since the Stern Review (Stern 2007) and the debate it has sparked off, the discount rate has been at the center of heated discussions about climate policies. In the very long run, the discount rate makes a huge difference in the evaluation of policies. The following table (Table 1) shows the minimum return that a $1 investment for the future should have to be considered better than...