The problem of flooding or flash floods in watersheds often occurs, both large rivers and small rivers. frequency occurrence varies greatly depending on the local climate. As a result flooding, it causes more erosion collapse riverbanks washes away all kinds materials, such as wood, sand, stone. Sometimes also submerges rice fields, villages, houses downstream river. Likewise, study location Li...

Dağlık havzalarda ciddi hasarlara ve can kaybına neden olan taşkın olayları, büyük ölçüde sırasında köprü menfezleri tıkayan odunsu malzemenin taşınmasıyla meydana gelmektedir. Son yıllarda, malzemeleri tuzaklamak üzere geçirgen tersip bentleri inşa edilmeye başlanmıştır. Ancak, bu yapılar özellikle taşkınlarda malzemelerle kısa sürede tıkanabilmekte, nedenle malzeme filtreleme materyali tuzakl...

The proposed Cheekeye debris-flow barrier in Squamish, BC, Canada is an open check dam with a very large storage capacity of 2.4 million m 3 . There are several unique features the design that deviate from standard international practice, including low probability (1 10,000 years) event, use single structure, selected construction material, crest design, and outlet design. These were for due to...

Dual maps have been introduced as a generalization to higher dimensions of word substitutions and free group morphisms. In this paper, we study the action of these dual maps on particular discrete planes and surfaces – namely stepped planes and stepped surfaces. We show that dual maps can be seen as discretizations of toral automorphisms. We then provide a connection between stepped planes and ...

We consider the problem of generation of discrete planes using generalized substitutions. We give sufficient conditions to be sure to generate all of a discrete plane by a sequence of substitutions; these conditions, however, are not easy to check, even on simple examples. One can build approximations of discrete planes in several ways, namely as stepped surfaces (unions of faces), as sets of v...