one of the most important changes in the judicial system of iran was the establishment of dispute settlement councils in 1381. before this date, judgment and solving the disputes was being carried out only in official juridical centers. after establishing the councils, rural and urban communities welcomed those institutes that were in charge of judging some part of citizen’s problems. in this p...

Reflections on the progress of the WTO over the last two decades highlights low developing country participation in its dispute settlement system as a fundamental failing of the multinational trading system. Recurrently, this low participation rate has been attributed to the cost of the WTO’s legalistic model in Panel and Appellate Body proceedings, creating a concern of bias. Yet, by focussing...

In this commentary, we endorse concerns about the health impact of the trans-pacific partnership (TPP), paying particular attention to its mechanisms for investor state dispute settlement. We then describe the different, judge-led approach being advocated by the European Commission team negotiating the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, arguing that, while not perfect, it offers s...

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The paper examines how investor-State dispute settlement mechanisms -included in international investment agreements- are able to condition national policy space, even when foreign investors question measures regarding human rights, public health, or environmental protection. It also intends identify and explain the new trends agreements that illustrate different ways out labyrinth. In order ac...

We consider networks of input-to-state dynamically stable (ISDS) systems and use a small-gain condition to assure the ISDS property for their interconnection. Under this small-gain condition we provide a construction of an ISDS Lyapunov function including explicit derivation of corresponding rates and gains for the whole interconnection. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.