We developed a two-stage machine translation (MT) system. The first stage consists of an automatically created pattern-based machine translation system, and the second stage consists of a standard statistical machine translation (SMT) system. For French-English machine translation, we first used a French-English pattern-based MT, and we obtained ”English” sentences from French sentences. Second...

Five years ago, in the European English Messenger VII/2 (Spring 1998), Peter Trudgill gave an illuminating account of "Standard English: What It Isn't". In a way, the following paper adopts a complementary perspective. It explores what non-standard English is, or rather what is fascinating about non-standard varieties of English (besides telling us more about what Standard English isn't or hasn...

Social class is one of the key axes sociolinguistic variation, but speech those at top spectrum—the elite—is rarely studied. While T-glottalling has spread widely across British English accents, a competing variant—T-tapping—has attracted little scholarly attention in United Kingdom. This article presents study elite by examining variation T-tapping among adolescent speakers Standard Southern E...