Abstract In our daily lives, we rely on the proper functioning of supply networks, from power grids to water transmission systems. A single failure in these critical infrastructures can lead a complete collapse through cascading mechanism. Counteracting strategies are thus heavily sought after. this article, introduce general framework analyse spreading failures complex networks and demostrate ...

drawing up the insurance contracts by insurance companies has led to disregard policyholder's rights. this means that insurers by inserting unfair terms in insurance contracts seek to make a contract that they gain special privileges for themselves. jurists as main opponents of injustice regard commitment not to insert unfair terms as one of the insurer's pre-contractual obligations i...

Files are a tried and true operating system abstraction. They present a simple byte-stream model of I/O that has proven intuitive for application programmers and efficient for operating system builders. However, current file systems do not provide good support for adaptive continuous media (CM) applications – an increasingly important class of applications that exhibit complex access patterns a...

This study is inspired by the observation and hypothesis that the spreading and decay behaviors of a jet directly depend on the momentum-mixing mechanism between the jet and surrounding fluid. This mixing behavior is dictated by the kinematic viscosity ν for a laminar jet, which can be dramatically enhanced in a turbulent flow and is represented by the eddy viscosity ε. Similarly, pulsation in ...

Successful infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease, is critically dependent on host cell invasion by metacyclic trypomastigote (MT) forms. Two main metacyclic stage-specific surface molecules, gp82 and gp90, play determinant roles in target cell invasion in vitro and in oral T. cruzi infection in mice. The structure and properties of gp82, which is highly conserved among T....

We analyze cascades of defaults in an interbank loan market. The novel feature of this study is that the network structure and the size distribution of banks are derived from empirical data. We find that the ability of a defaulted institution to start a cascade depends on an interplay of shock size and connectivity. Further results indicate that the ability to limit default risk by spreading th...

This article is an examination of what hard and soft contracts are, how they impact the psychotherapy process differently, especially unconscious type material each contract will tend to elicit. in turn has considerable effects on happens therapy room. The two types create a different ambience climate which can occur. explains approaches are be dealt with by therapist.

We classify and predict the asymptotic dynamics of a class of swarming models. The model consists of a conservation equation in one dimension describing the movement of a population density field. The velocity is found by convolving the density with a kernel describing attractive-repulsive social interactions. The kernel’s first moment and its limiting behavior at the origin determine whether t...

How do consumers adjust their spending when their budget changes? A common view is that the allocation of one’s current budget should not depend on previous budget allocations. Contrary to this, the authors find that when the budget contracts to a particular level, consumers select less variety (as measured by the number of different items with some of the budget allocated to them) than when th...

cortical spreading depression (csd) are associated with dramatic failure of brain ion homeostasis, efflux of excitatory amino acids from nerve cells, increased energy metabolism and changes in cerebral blood flow. there is strong clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that csd is involved in the mechanism of migraine, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury. therefore,...